4.03:_Acid-Base_Reactions

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<div class="box-objectives">
<span id="Learning_Objectives"></span><h5 class="box-legend"><span class="lt-icon-default">Learning Objectives</span></h5>

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    <li class="lt-chem-21716">To know the characteristic properties of acids and bases.</li>
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<p class="lt-chem-21716">Acid&ndash;base reactions are essential in both biochemistry and industrial chemistry. Moreover, many of the substances we encounter in our homes, the supermarket, and the pharmacy are acids or bases. For example, aspirin is an acid (acetylsalicylic acid), and antacids are bases. In fact, every amateur chef who has prepared mayonnaise or squeezed a wedge of lemon to marinate a piece of fish has carried out an acid&ndash;base reaction. Before we discuss the characteristics of such reactions, let&rsquo;s first describe some of the properties of acids and bases.</p>

<span id="Definitions_of_Acids_and_Bases"></span><h2 class="lt-chem-21716">Definitions of Acids and Bases</h2>

<p class="lt-chem-21716">We can define <strong class="emphasis bold">acids</strong> as substances that dissolve in water to produce H<sup>+</sup> ions, whereas <strong class="emphasis bold">bases</strong> are defined as substances that dissolve in water to produce OH<sup>&minus;</sup> ions. In fact, this is only one possible set of definitions. Although the general properties of acids and bases have been known for more than a thousand years, the definitions of <em>acid</em> and <em>base</em> have changed dramatically as scientists have learned more about them. In ancient times, an acid was any substance that had a sour taste (e.g., vinegar or lemon juice), caused consistent color changes in dyes derived from plants (e.g., turning blue litmus paper red), reacted with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas and a solution of a salt containing a metal cation, and dissolved carbonate salts such as limestone (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) with the evolution of carbon dioxide. In contrast, a base was any substance that had a bitter taste, felt slippery to the touch, and caused color changes in plant dyes that differed diametrically from the changes caused by acids (e.g., turning red litmus paper blue). Although these definitions were useful, they were entirely descriptive.</p>

<span id="The_Arrhenius_Definition_of_Acids_and_Bases"></span><h2 class="lt-chem-21716">The Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases</h2>

<p class="lt-chem-21716">The first person to define acids and bases in detail was the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius (1859&ndash;1927; Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1903). According to the <em>Arrhenius definition</em>, an acid is a substance like hydrochloric acid that dissolves in water to produce H<sup>+</sup> ions (protons; Equation <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="98" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-99-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-99-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-99-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 373 245 364 183 364C171 362 165 357 165 348C165 333 172 333 192 333L235 333C310 333 348 280 348 173C348 88 317 14 241 14C176 14 128 36 99 80C134 79 160 105 160 139C160 173 135 198 101 198C62 198 42 178 42 137C42 88 64 49 108 18C147-9 193-22 244-22C301-22 350-3 393 34C436 71 457 117 457 173C457 267 383 332 303 353Z"></path><path id="MJX-99-NCM-N-31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 572 217 588L217 82C217 64 213 52 204 47C195 42 170 39 130 39L95 39L95 0C120 2 174 3 257 3C340 3 394 2 419 0L419 39L384 39C343 39 318 42 310 47C302 52 297 64 297 82L297 636C297 660 295 666 269 666Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\ref{4.3.1}" data-semantic-structure="0"><a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chemistry_central/04:_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.03:_Acid-Base_Reactions#mjx-eqn:4.3.1"><g data-mml-node="mrow" data-latex="\ref{4.3.1}" class="MathJax_ref"><rect data-hitbox="true" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all" width="2056" height="699" x="0" y="-22"></rect><g data-mml-node="mtext" data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.1};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.1" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-99-NCM-N-34"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-99-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(500,0)"></use><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-99-NCM-N-33" transform="translate(778,0)"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-99-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(1278,0)"></use><use data-c="31" href="#MJX-99-NCM-N-31" transform="translate(1556,0)"></use></g></g></a></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\ref{4.3.1}" data-semantic-structure="0"><mrow href="#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.1" data-latex="\ref{4.3.1}" class="MathJax_ref"><mtext data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.1};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.1" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true">4.3.1</mtext></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>), and a base is a substance like sodium hydroxide that dissolves in water to produce hydroxide (OH<sup>&minus;</sup>) ions (Equation <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="99" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-100-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-100-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-100-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 373 245 364 183 364C171 362 165 357 165 348C165 333 172 333 192 333L235 333C310 333 348 280 348 173C348 88 317 14 241 14C176 14 128 36 99 80C134 79 160 105 160 139C160 173 135 198 101 198C62 198 42 178 42 137C42 88 64 49 108 18C147-9 193-22 244-22C301-22 350-3 393 34C436 71 457 117 457 173C457 267 383 332 303 353Z"></path><path id="MJX-100-NCM-N-32" d="M237 666C186 666 143 648 106 612C69 576 50 534 50 483C50 449 75 424 106 424C136 424 161 450 161 480C161 513 137 536 105 536C102 536 100 536 98 535C117 584 161 627 224 627C306 627 352 556 352 470C352 403 318 331 250 255L62 43C49 28 50 29 50 0L421 0L450 180L417 180C409 129 402 100 396 91C391 86 361 84 306 84L139 84L236 179C304 243 390 312 419 365C439 400 449 435 449 470C449 588 357 666 237 666Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\ref{4.3.2}" data-semantic-structure="0"><a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chemistry_central/04:_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.03:_Acid-Base_Reactions#mjx-eqn:4.3.2"><g data-mml-node="mrow" data-latex="\ref{4.3.2}" class="MathJax_ref"><rect data-hitbox="true" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all" width="2056" height="699" x="0" y="-22"></rect><g data-mml-node="mtext" data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.2};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.2" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-100-NCM-N-34"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-100-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(500,0)"></use><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-100-NCM-N-33" transform="translate(778,0)"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-100-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(1278,0)"></use><use data-c="32" href="#MJX-100-NCM-N-32" transform="translate(1556,0)"></use></g></g></a></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\ref{4.3.2}" data-semantic-structure="0"><mrow href="#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.2" data-latex="\ref{4.3.2}" class="MathJax_ref"><mtext data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.2};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.2" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true">4.3.2</mtext></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>):</p>

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<p class="lt-chem-21716">According to Arrhenius, the characteristic properties of acids and bases are due exclusively to the presence of H<sup>+</sup> and OH<sup>&minus;</sup> ions, respectively, in solution. Although Arrhenius&rsquo;s ideas were widely accepted, his definition of acids and bases had two major limitations:</p>

<ol>
    <li class="lt-chem-21716">First, because acids and bases were defined in terms of ions obtained from water, the Arrhenius concept applied only to substances in aqueous solution.</li>
    <li class="lt-chem-21716">Second, and more important, the Arrhenius definition predicted that <em>only</em> substances that dissolve in water to produce <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="102" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="3.544ex" height="1.754ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1566.6 775.2" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0px;"><defs><path id="MJX-103-NCM-I-1D43B" d="M881 668C881 678 875 683 863 683L736 680L609 683C593 683 586 674 586 659C586 652 589 647 594 646C604 645 612 644 617 644C648 643 665 641 670 640C675 639 678 636 678 631C677 628 676 622 674 613L615 375L321 375L379 602C384 623 393 636 406 641C413 643 430 644 458 644C485 644 496 644 496 668C496 678 490 683 478 683L351 680L223 683C207 683 200 674 200 659C200 652 203 647 209 646C219 645 227 644 232 644C263 643 281 641 286 640C291 639 293 636 293 631C293 629 292 623 289 613L156 82C151 60 141 47 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data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="1D43B" href="#MJX-104-NCM-I-1D43B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(966.5,363) scale(0.707)" data-latex="&minus;" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="subtraction" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:&minus;" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2212" href="#MJX-104-NCM-N-2212"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="OH^&minus;" data-semantic-type="infixop" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,3" data-semantic-content="4" data-semantic-attributes="latex:OH^&minus;" data-semantic-owns="0 4 3" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 4 (3 1 2))"><mi data-latex="O" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:O" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">O</mi><mo data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">&#8290;</mo><msup data-latex="H^&minus;" data-semantic-type="superscript" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="1,2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H^&minus;" data-semantic-owns="1 2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><mi data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">H</mi><mo data-latex="&minus;" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="subtraction" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:&minus;" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">&minus;</mo></msup></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> ions should exhibit the properties of acids and bases, respectively. For example, according to the Arrhenius definition, the reaction of ammonia (a base) with gaseous HCl (an acid) to give ammonium chloride (Equation <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="104" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-105-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-105-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-105-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 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24C720 34 709 39 688 39C647 39 627 43 627 52C627 52 628 55 630 68L764 602C769 623 778 636 791 641C797 643 814 644 843 644C869 644 881 644 881 668Z"></path><path id="MJX-107-NCM-N-2212" d="M698 270L80 270C64 270 56 263 56 250C56 237 64 230 80 230L698 230C714 230 722 237 722 250C722 262 710 270 698 270Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="OH^&minus;" data-semantic-type="infixop" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;depth:1" data-semantic-id="5" data-semantic-children="0,3" data-semantic-content="4" data-semantic-attributes="latex:OH^&minus;" data-semantic-owns="0 4 3" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 4 (3 1 2))"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="O" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" 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data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="1,2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H^&minus;" data-semantic-owns="1 2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><mi data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">H</mi><mo data-latex="&minus;" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="subtraction" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:&minus;" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">&minus;</mo></msup></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>:</li>
</ol>

<span id="The_Br.C3.B8nsted.E2.80.93Lowry_Definition_of_Acids_and_Bases"></span><h2 class="lt-chem-21716">The Br&oslash;nsted&ndash;Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases</h2>

<p class="lt-chem-21716">Because of the limitations of the Arrhenius definition, a more general definition of acids and bases was needed. One was proposed independently in 1923 by the Danish chemist J. N. Br&oslash;nsted (1879&ndash;1947) and the British chemist T. M. Lowry (1874&ndash;1936), who defined acid&ndash;base reactions in terms of the transfer of a proton (H<sup>+</sup> ion) from one substance to another.</p>

<p class="lt-chem-21716">According to Br&oslash;nsted and Lowry, an acid (<span class="glossdef">A substance with at least one hydrogen atom that can dissociate to form an anion and an <span class="inlineequation"><mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="108" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="3.544ex" height="1.754ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1566.6 775.2" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0px;"><defs><path id="MJX-109-NCM-I-1D43B" d="M881 668C881 678 875 683 863 683L736 680L609 683C593 683 586 674 586 659C586 652 589 647 594 646C604 645 612 644 617 644C648 643 665 641 670 640C675 639 678 636 678 631C677 628 676 622 674 613L615 375L321 375L379 602C384 623 393 636 406 641C413 643 430 644 458 644C485 644 496 644 496 668C496 678 490 683 478 683L351 680L223 683C207 683 200 674 200 659C200 652 203 647 209 646C219 645 227 644 232 644C263 643 281 641 286 640C291 639 293 636 293 631C293 629 292 623 289 613L156 82C151 60 141 47 126 42C119 40 101 39 70 39C48 39 39 37 39 15C39 5 45 0 57 0L183 3L246 2C257 2 299 0 310 0C326 0 334 8 334 24C334 34 323 39 302 39C262 39 242 43 242 52C242 52 243 55 245 68L312 336L605 336L538 68C535 53 523 43 503 40C498 39 481 39 452 39C433 39 424 31 424 15C424 5 430 0 442 0L568 3L631 2C642 2 683 0 696 0C712 0 720 8 720 24C720 34 709 39 688 39C647 39 627 43 627 52C627 52 628 55 630 68L764 602C769 623 778 636 791 641C797 643 814 644 843 644C869 644 881 644 881 668Z"></path><path id="MJX-109-NCM-N-2B" d="M698 274L413 274L413 559C413 575 405 583 389 583C373 583 365 575 365 559L365 274L80 274C64 274 56 266 56 250C56 234 64 226 80 226L365 226L365-59C365-75 373-83 389-83C405-83 413-75 413-59L413 226L698 226C714 226 722 234 722 250C722 263 711 274 698 274Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="H^+" data-semantic-structure="(2 0 1)"><g data-mml-node="msup" data-latex="H^+" data-semantic-type="superscript" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-children="0,1" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H^+" data-semantic-owns="0 1" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="1D43B" href="#MJX-109-NCM-I-1D43B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(966.5,363) scale(0.707)" data-latex="+" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="addition" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-id="1" data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-attributes="latex:+" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2B" href="#MJX-109-NCM-N-2B"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="H^+" data-semantic-structure="(2 0 1)"><msup data-latex="H^+" data-semantic-type="superscript" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,1" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H^+" data-semantic-owns="0 1" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><mi data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">H</mi><mo data-latex="+" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="addition" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-attributes="latex:+" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">+</mo></msup></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> </span>ion (a proton) in aqueous solution, thereby forming an acidic solution)</span> is any substance that can donate a proton, and a base<span class="glossdef"> (a substance that produces one or more hydroxide ions (<mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="109" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="5.271ex" height="1.804ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 2329.6 797.2" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-110-NCM-I-1D442" d="M702 263C727 320 740 377 740 435C740 513 717 577 670 628C623 679 561 705 484 705C431 705 378 692 325 666C217 613 138 529 87 415C62 359 49 303 49 246C49 167 72 103 119 53C166 3 228-22 306-22C358-22 410-9 463 16C572 69 651 152 702 263M644 474C644 341 584 208 520 129C476 74 400 12 312 12C205 12 149 105 149 218C149 253 156 300 169 357C196 475 264 579 353 633C396 659 438 672 478 672C586 672 644 586 644 474Z"></path><path id="MJX-110-NCM-N-2062" d=""></path><path id="MJX-110-NCM-I-1D43B" d="M881 668C881 678 875 683 863 683L736 680L609 683C593 683 586 674 586 659C586 652 589 647 594 646C604 645 612 644 617 644C648 643 665 641 670 640C675 639 678 636 678 631C677 628 676 622 674 613L615 375L321 375L379 602C384 623 393 636 406 641C413 643 430 644 458 644C485 644 496 644 496 668C496 678 490 683 478 683L351 680L223 683C207 683 200 674 200 659C200 652 203 647 209 646C219 645 227 644 232 644C263 643 281 641 286 640C291 639 293 636 293 631C293 629 292 623 289 613L156 82C151 60 141 47 126 42C119 40 101 39 70 39C48 39 39 37 39 15C39 5 45 0 57 0L183 3L246 2C257 2 299 0 310 0C326 0 334 8 334 24C334 34 323 39 302 39C262 39 242 43 242 52C242 52 243 55 245 68L312 336L605 336L538 68C535 53 523 43 503 40C498 39 481 39 452 39C433 39 424 31 424 15C424 5 430 0 442 0L568 3L631 2C642 2 683 0 696 0C712 0 720 8 720 24C720 34 709 39 688 39C647 39 627 43 627 52C627 52 628 55 630 68L764 602C769 623 778 636 791 641C797 643 814 644 843 644C869 644 881 644 881 668Z"></path><path id="MJX-110-NCM-N-2212" d="M698 270L80 270C64 270 56 263 56 250C56 237 64 230 80 230L698 230C714 230 722 237 722 250C722 262 710 270 698 270Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="OH^-" data-semantic-type="infixop" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;depth:1" data-semantic-id="5" data-semantic-children="0,3" data-semantic-content="4" data-semantic-attributes="latex:OH^-" data-semantic-owns="0 4 3" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 4 (3 1 2))"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="O" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:O" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="1D442" href="#MJX-110-NCM-I-1D442"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-id="4" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(763,0)"><use data-c="2062" href="#MJX-110-NCM-N-2062"></use></g><g data-mml-node="msup" data-latex="H^-" data-semantic-type="superscript" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-id="3" data-semantic-children="1,2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H^-" data-semantic-owns="1 2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(763,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-id="1" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="1D43B" href="#MJX-110-NCM-I-1D43B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(966.5,363) scale(0.707)" data-latex="-" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="subtraction" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:-" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2212" href="#MJX-110-NCM-N-2212"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="OH^-" data-semantic-type="infixop" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,3" data-semantic-content="4" data-semantic-attributes="latex:OH^-" data-semantic-owns="0 4 3" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 4 (3 1 2))"><mi data-latex="O" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:O" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">O</mi><mo data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">&#8290;</mo><msup data-latex="H^-" data-semantic-type="superscript" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="1,2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H^-" data-semantic-owns="1 2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><mi data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">H</mi><mo data-latex="-" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="subtraction" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:-" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">&minus;</mo></msup></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> and a cation when dissolved in aqueous solution, thereby forming a basic solution)</span> is any substance that can accept a proton. The Br&oslash;nsted&ndash;Lowry definition of an acid is essentially the same as the Arrhenius definition, except that it is not restricted to aqueous solutions. The Br&oslash;nsted&ndash;Lowry definition of a base, however, is far more general because the hydroxide ion is just one of many substances that can accept a proton. Ammonia, for example, reacts with a proton to form <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="110" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="5.538ex" height="2.556ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -824.5 2447.6 1129.6" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.69ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-111-NCM-I-1D441" d="M864 683C845 683 783 680 764 680C745 680 682 683 663 683C648 683 641 675 641 659C641 650 648 645 663 644C705 644 726 631 726 605C726 599 725 592 724 585L616 157L401 662C393 681 391 683 366 683L233 683C209 683 200 681 200 659C200 649 211 644 232 644C274 644 295 643 296 640L163 110C154 71 131 49 95 42C69 39 39 43 39 15C39 5 45 0 56 0C74 0 136 3 155 3C174 3 238 0 257 0C272 0 279 8 279 24C279 33 271 38 255 39C214 40 194 53 194 78C194 83 195 90 197 100L326 611L576 21C582 7 590 0 599 0C608 0 614 8 618 24L757 574C770 625 798 643 860 644C874 645 881 653 881 669C878 678 877 683 864 683Z"></path><path id="MJX-111-NCM-N-2062" d=""></path><path id="MJX-111-NCM-I-1D43B" d="M881 668C881 678 875 683 863 683L736 680L609 683C593 683 586 674 586 659C586 652 589 647 594 646C604 645 612 644 617 644C648 643 665 641 670 640C675 639 678 636 678 631C677 628 676 622 674 613L615 375L321 375L379 602C384 623 393 636 406 641C413 643 430 644 458 644C485 644 496 644 496 668C496 678 490 683 478 683L351 680L223 683C207 683 200 674 200 659C200 652 203 647 209 646C219 645 227 644 232 644C263 643 281 641 286 640C291 639 293 636 293 631C293 629 292 623 289 613L156 82C151 60 141 47 126 42C119 40 101 39 70 39C48 39 39 37 39 15C39 5 45 0 57 0L183 3L246 2C257 2 299 0 310 0C326 0 334 8 334 24C334 34 323 39 302 39C262 39 242 43 242 52C242 52 243 55 245 68L312 336L605 336L538 68C535 53 523 43 503 40C498 39 481 39 452 39C433 39 424 31 424 15C424 5 430 0 442 0L568 3L631 2C642 2 683 0 696 0C712 0 720 8 720 24C720 34 709 39 688 39C647 39 627 43 627 52C627 52 628 55 630 68L764 602C769 623 778 636 791 641C797 643 814 644 843 644C869 644 881 644 881 668Z"></path><path id="MJX-111-NCM-N-2B" d="M698 274L413 274L413 559C413 575 405 583 389 583C373 583 365 575 365 559L365 274L80 274C64 274 56 266 56 250C56 234 64 226 80 226L365 226L365-59C365-75 373-83 389-83C405-83 413-75 413-59L413 226L698 226C714 226 722 234 722 250C722 263 711 274 698 274Z"></path><path id="MJX-111-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="NH_4^+" data-semantic-type="infixop" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;depth:1" data-semantic-id="7" data-semantic-children="0,5" data-semantic-content="6" data-semantic-attributes="latex:NH_4^+" data-semantic-owns="0 6 5" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true" data-semantic-structure="(7 0 6 (5 (4 1 2) 3))"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="N" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-parent="7" data-semantic-attributes="latex:N" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="1D441" href="#MJX-111-NCM-I-1D441"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-id="6" data-semantic-parent="7" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(881,0)"><use data-c="2062" href="#MJX-111-NCM-N-2062"></use></g><g data-mml-node="msubsup" data-latex="H_4^+" data-semantic-type="subsup" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-id="5" data-semantic-children="1,2,3" data-semantic-parent="7" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H_4^+" data-semantic-collapsed="(5 (4 1 2) 3)" data-semantic-owns="1 2 3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(881,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" data-semantic-id="1" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="3" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="1D43B" href="#MJX-111-NCM-I-1D43B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(966.5,412.3) scale(0.707)" data-latex="+" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="addition" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-id="3" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:+" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2B" href="#MJX-111-NCM-N-2B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(864,-305.1) scale(0.707)" data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="3" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-111-NCM-N-34"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="NH_4^+" data-semantic-type="infixop" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,5" data-semantic-content="6" data-semantic-attributes="latex:NH_4^+" data-semantic-owns="0 6 5" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true" data-semantic-structure="(7 0 6 (5 (4 1 2) 3))"><mi data-latex="N" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="7" data-semantic-attributes="latex:N" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">N</mi><mo data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="7" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">&#8290;</mo><msubsup data-latex="H_4^+" data-semantic-type="subsup" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="1,2,3" data-semantic-parent="7" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H_4^+" data-semantic-collapsed="(5 (4 1 2) 3)" data-semantic-owns="1 2 3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><mi data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="3" data-speech-node="true">H</mi><mn data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="3" data-speech-node="true">4</mn><mo data-latex="+" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="addition" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:+" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">+</mo></msubsup></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>, so in Equation <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="111" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-112-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-112-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-112-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 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data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true">4.3.3</mtext></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>, <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="112" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.861ex" height="1.92ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 2148.6 848.6" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-113-NCM-I-1D441" d="M864 683C845 683 783 680 764 680C745 680 682 683 663 683C648 683 641 675 641 659C641 650 648 645 663 644C705 644 726 631 726 605C726 599 725 592 724 585L616 157L401 662C393 681 391 683 366 683L233 683C209 683 200 681 200 659C200 649 211 644 232 644C274 644 295 643 296 640L163 110C154 71 131 49 95 42C69 39 39 43 39 15C39 5 45 0 56 0C74 0 136 3 155 3C174 3 238 0 257 0C272 0 279 8 279 24C279 33 271 38 255 39C214 40 194 53 194 78C194 83 195 90 197 100L326 611L576 21C582 7 590 0 599 0C608 0 614 8 618 24L757 574C770 625 798 643 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data-semantic-id="5" data-semantic-children="0,3" data-semantic-content="4" data-semantic-attributes="latex:NH_3" data-semantic-owns="0 4 3" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 4 (3 1 2))"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="N" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:N" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="1D441" href="#MJX-113-NCM-I-1D441"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-id="4" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(881,0)"><use data-c="2062" href="#MJX-113-NCM-N-2062"></use></g><g data-mml-node="msub" data-latex="H_3" data-semantic-type="subscript" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-id="3" data-semantic-children="1,2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H_3" data-semantic-owns="1 2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(881,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-id="1" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="1D43B" href="#MJX-113-NCM-I-1D43B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(864,-150) scale(0.707)" data-latex="3" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-113-NCM-N-33"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="NH_3" data-semantic-type="infixop" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,3" data-semantic-content="4" data-semantic-attributes="latex:NH_3" data-semantic-owns="0 4 3" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 4 (3 1 2))"><mi data-latex="N" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:N" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">N</mi><mo data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">&#8290;</mo><msub data-latex="H_3" data-semantic-type="subscript" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="1,2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H_3" data-semantic-owns="1 2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><mi data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">H</mi><mn data-latex="3" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">3</mn></msub></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> is a Br&oslash;nsted&ndash;Lowry base and <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="113" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.387ex" height="1.645ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 1939 727" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-114-NCM-I-1D43B" d="M881 668C881 678 875 683 863 683L736 680L609 683C593 683 586 674 586 659C586 652 589 647 594 646C604 645 612 644 617 644C648 643 665 641 670 640C675 639 678 636 678 631C677 628 676 622 674 613L615 375L321 375L379 602C384 623 393 636 406 641C413 643 430 644 458 644C485 644 496 644 496 668C496 678 490 683 478 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data-semantic-children="0,4" data-semantic-content="5,0" data-semantic-attributes="latex:HCl" data-semantic-owns="0 5 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true" data-semantic-structure="(6 0 5 (4 1 3 2))"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-operator="appl" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="1D43B" href="#MJX-114-NCM-I-1D43B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="application" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="5" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="appl" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(881,0)"><use data-c="2061" href="#MJX-114-NCM-N-2061"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-type="infixop" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit;depth:2" data-semantic-id="4" data-semantic-children="1,2" data-semantic-content="3" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-owns="1 3 2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(881,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="C" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:3" data-semantic-id="1" data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-attributes="latex:C" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="1D436" href="#MJX-114-NCM-I-1D436"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-id="3" data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(760,0)"><use data-c="2062" href="#MJX-114-NCM-N-2062"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="l" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-attributes="latex:l" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(760,0)"><use data-c="1D459" href="#MJX-114-NCM-I-1D459"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="HCl" data-semantic-type="appl" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,4" data-semantic-content="5,0" data-semantic-attributes="latex:HCl" data-semantic-owns="0 5 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true" data-semantic-structure="(6 0 5 (4 1 3 2))"><mi data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-operator="appl" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">H</mi><mo data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="application" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="appl" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">&#8289;</mo><mrow data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-type="infixop" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="1,2" data-semantic-content="3" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-owns="1 3 2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><mi data-latex="C" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-attributes="latex:C" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">C</mi><mo data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">&#8290;</mo><mi data-latex="l" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-attributes="latex:l" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">l</mi></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> is a Br&oslash;nsted&ndash;Lowry acid. Because of its more general nature, the Br&oslash;nsted&ndash;Lowry definition is used throughout this text unless otherwise specified.</p>

<span id="Polyprotic_Acids"></span><h2 class="lt-chem-21716">Polyprotic Acids</h2>

<p class="lt-chem-21716">Acids differ in the number of protons they can donate. For example, monoprotic acids<span class="glossdef"> (a compound that is capable of donating one proton per molecule)</span> are compounds that are capable of donating a single proton per molecule. Monoprotic acids include HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HNO<sub>3</sub>, and HNO<sub>2</sub>. All carboxylic acids that contain a single &minus;CO<sub>2</sub>H group, such as acetic acid (CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H), are monoprotic acids, dissociating to form RCO<sub>2</sub><sup>&minus;</sup> and H<sup>+</sup>. <span class="glossdef">A compound that can donate more than one proton per molecule is known as a <strong>polyprotic acid</strong></span>. For example, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> can donate two H<sup>+</sup> ions in separate steps, so it is a diprotic acid (a <span class="glossdef">compound that can donate two protons per molecule in separate steps)</span> and H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, which is capable of donating three protons in successive steps, is a triprotic acid<span class="glossdef"> (a compound that can donate three protons per molecule in separate steps), </span>(Equation <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="114" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-115-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-115-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-115-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 373 245 364 183 364C171 362 165 357 165 348C165 333 172 333 192 333L235 333C310 333 348 280 348 173C348 88 317 14 241 14C176 14 128 36 99 80C134 79 160 105 160 139C160 173 135 198 101 198C62 198 42 178 42 137C42 88 64 49 108 18C147-9 193-22 244-22C301-22 350-3 393 34C436 71 457 117 457 173C457 267 383 332 303 353Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\ref{4.3.4}" data-semantic-structure="0"><a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chemistry_central/04:_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.03:_Acid-Base_Reactions#mjx-eqn:4.3.4"><g data-mml-node="mrow" data-latex="\ref{4.3.4}" class="MathJax_ref"><rect data-hitbox="true" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all" width="2056" height="699" x="0" y="-22"></rect><g data-mml-node="mtext" data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.4};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.4" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-115-NCM-N-34"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-115-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(500,0)"></use><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-115-NCM-N-33" transform="translate(778,0)"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-115-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(1278,0)"></use><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-115-NCM-N-34" transform="translate(1556,0)"></use></g></g></a></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\ref{4.3.4}" data-semantic-structure="0"><mrow href="#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.4" data-latex="\ref{4.3.4}" class="MathJax_ref"><mtext data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.4};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.4" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true">4.3.4</mtext></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>, Equation <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="115" style="font-size: 85%; 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<p class="lt-chem-21716">In chemical equations such as these, a double arrow is used to indicate that both the forward and reverse reactions occur simultaneously, so the forward reaction does not go to completion. Instead, the solution contains significant amounts of both reactants and products. Over time, the reaction reaches a state in which the concentration of each species in solution remains constant. The reaction is then said to be in <strong>equilibrium </strong><span class="glossdef">(the point at which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become the same, so that the net composition of the system no longer changes with time).</span></p>

<figure><img alt=" " style="width: 615px; height: 226px;" width="615px" height="226px" class="internal" loading="lazy" src="https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/86800/%253Dd95110e7a409c83b43271399e9f04e43.jpg?revision=1&amp;size=bestfit&amp;width=615&amp;height=226" />
<figcaption>Ball and stick diagram of sulfuric acid, phosporic acid, phosphorous acid, and hypophosphorous acid with all of the hydrogen atoms highlighted to show availability to be donated as H positive ion.</figcaption>
</figure>

<span id="Strengths_of_Acids_and_Bases"></span><h2 class="lt-chem-21716">Strengths of Acids and Bases</h2>

<p class="lt-chem-21716">We will not discuss the strengths of acids and bases quantitatively until next semester. 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data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:O" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">O</mi><mo data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">&#8290;</mo><msup data-latex="H^&minus;" data-semantic-type="superscript" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-annotation="depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="1,2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H^&minus;" data-semantic-owns="1 2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><mi data-latex="H" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="simple function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">H</mi><mo data-latex="&minus;" data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="subtraction" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:&minus;" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">&minus;</mo></msup></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> and the corresponding cation. Strong acids and strong bases are both strong electrolytes. In contrast, only a fraction of the molecules of weak acids and weak bases<span class="glossdef"> </span>react with water to produce ions, so weak acids and weak bases are also weak electrolytes. Typically less than 5% of a weak electrolyte dissociates into ions in solution, whereas more than 95% is present in undissociated form.</p>

<p class="title  lt-chem-21716">In practice, only a few strong acids are commonly encountered: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO<sub>3</sub>, HClO<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> is only moderately strong). The most common strong bases are ionic compounds that contain the hydroxide ion as the anion; three examples are NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>. Common weak acids include HCN, H<sub>2</sub>S, HF, oxoacids such as HNO<sub>2</sub> and HClO, and carboxylic acids such as acetic acid. The ionization reaction of acetic acid is as follows:</p>

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<p class="lt-chem-21716">Although acetic acid is <em>very</em> soluble in water, almost all of the acetic acid in solution exists in the form of neutral molecules (less than 1% dissociates). Sulfuric acid is unusual in that it is a strong acid when it donates its first proton (Equation <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="123" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-124-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-124-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-124-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 373 245 364 183 364C171 362 165 357 165 348C165 333 172 333 192 333L235 333C310 333 348 280 348 173C348 88 317 14 241 14C176 14 128 36 99 80C134 79 160 105 160 139C160 173 135 198 101 198C62 198 42 178 42 137C42 88 64 49 108 18C147-9 193-22 244-22C301-22 350-3 393 34C436 71 457 117 457 173C457 267 383 332 303 353Z"></path><path id="MJX-124-NCM-N-38" d="M250 666C201 666 158 650 122 618C86 586 68 546 68 497C68 456 83 419 113 386C120 378 142 361 179 335C88 288 42 227 42 153C42 100 64 57 107 24C147-7 194-22 249-22C305-22 354-4 395 32C436 68 457 115 457 170C457 216 441 257 408 294C396 307 365 330 316 361C393 402 431 454 431 515C431 606 344 666 250 666M379 515C379 463 348 418 286 381L167 459C136 479 120 505 120 536C120 596 185 633 249 633C318 633 379 584 379 515M250 14C168 14 99 73 99 153C99 220 136 274 210 315L328 240C376 209 400 174 400 134C400 62 325 14 250 14Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\ref{4.3.8}" data-semantic-structure="0"><a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chemistry_central/04:_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.03:_Acid-Base_Reactions#mjx-eqn:4.3.8"><g data-mml-node="mrow" data-latex="\ref{4.3.8}" class="MathJax_ref"><rect data-hitbox="true" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all" width="2056" height="699" x="0" y="-22"></rect><g data-mml-node="mtext" data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.8};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.8" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-124-NCM-N-34"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-124-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(500,0)"></use><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-124-NCM-N-33" transform="translate(778,0)"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-124-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(1278,0)"></use><use data-c="38" href="#MJX-124-NCM-N-38" transform="translate(1556,0)"></use></g></g></a></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\ref{4.3.8}" data-semantic-structure="0"><mrow href="#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.8" data-latex="\ref{4.3.8}" class="MathJax_ref"><mtext data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.8};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.8" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true">4.3.8</mtext></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>) but a weak acid when it donates its second proton (Equation <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="124" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-125-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-125-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-125-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 373 245 364 183 364C171 362 165 357 165 348C165 333 172 333 192 333L235 333C310 333 348 280 348 173C348 88 317 14 241 14C176 14 128 36 99 80C134 79 160 105 160 139C160 173 135 198 101 198C62 198 42 178 42 137C42 88 64 49 108 18C147-9 193-22 244-22C301-22 350-3 393 34C436 71 457 117 457 173C457 267 383 332 303 353Z"></path><path id="MJX-125-NCM-N-39" d="M116 140C83 140 67 123 67 89C67 14 128-22 207-22C287-22 351 18 398 99C437 166 457 243 457 329C457 456 434 546 388 599C349 644 304 666 253 666C194 666 145 645 106 602C63 557 42 503 42 440C42 379 60 327 96 284C134 238 183 215 242 215C294 215 334 243 361 299L361 286C361 177 342 103 303 63C272 30 239 14 206 14C166 14 137 23 118 42C149 42 165 60 165 91C165 119 144 140 116 140M243 246C204 246 175 266 155 306C144 329 138 374 138 439C138 504 145 548 158 573C180 613 212 633 253 633C294 633 324 608 343 558C354 531 361 485 361 420C361 333 322 246 243 246Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\ref{4.3.9}" data-semantic-structure="0"><a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chemistry_central/04:_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.03:_Acid-Base_Reactions#mjx-eqn:4.3.9"><g data-mml-node="mrow" data-latex="\ref{4.3.9}" class="MathJax_ref"><rect data-hitbox="true" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all" width="2056" height="699" x="0" y="-22"></rect><g data-mml-node="mtext" data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.9};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.9" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-125-NCM-N-34"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-125-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(500,0)"></use><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-125-NCM-N-33" transform="translate(778,0)"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-125-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(1278,0)"></use><use data-c="39" href="#MJX-125-NCM-N-39" transform="translate(1556,0)"></use></g></g></a></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\ref{4.3.9}" data-semantic-structure="0"><mrow href="#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.9" data-latex="\ref{4.3.9}" class="MathJax_ref"><mtext data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.9};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.9" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true">4.3.9</mtext></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>) as indicated by the single and double arrows, respectively:</p>

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function" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-attributes="latex:H" data-semantic-operator="appl" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">H</mi><mn data-latex="2" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-attributes="latex:2" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">2</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="application" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="10" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="appl" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">&#8289;</mo><mrow data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-type="infixop" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="3,6" data-semantic-content="7" data-semantic-parent="10" data-semantic-owns="3 7 6" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><mi data-latex="S" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="8" data-semantic-attributes="latex:S" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">S</mi><mo data-semantic-type="operator" data-semantic-role="multiplication" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="8" data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-operator="infixop,&#8290;" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true">&#8290;</mo><msub data-latex="O_4" data-semantic-type="subscript" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-annotation="depth:3" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="4,5" data-semantic-parent="8" data-semantic-attributes="latex:O_4" data-semantic-owns="4 5" data-semantic-level-number="2" data-speech-node="true"><mi data-latex="O" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-attributes="latex:O" data-semantic-level-number="3" data-speech-node="true">O</mi><mn data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="3" data-speech-node="true">4</mn></msub></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> molecules. All other polyprotic acids, such as H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, are weak acids.</p>

<p class="lt-chem-21716">The most common weak base is ammonia, which reacts with water to form small amounts of hydroxide ion:</p>

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<p class="lt-chem-21716">Most of the ammonia (&gt;99%) is present in the form of NH<sub>3</sub>(g). Amines, which are organic analogues of ammonia, are also weak bases, as are ionic compounds that contain anions derived from weak acids (such as S<sup>2&minus;</sup>).</p>

<blockquote>
<p class="lt-chem-21716">There is no correlation between the solubility of a substance and whether it is a strong electrolyte, a weak electrolyte, or a nonelectrolyte.</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="lt-chem-21716 mt-align-center">Definition of Strong/Weak Acids &amp; Bases: <a target="_blank" href="https://youtu.be/gN2l8H_AWGU" rel="external noopener nofollow" class="link-https">Definition of Strong/Weak Acids &amp; Bases, YouTube (opens in new window)</a><span> [Definition of Strong]</span><span> [Definition of Strong]</span><span> [youtu.be]</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;"><a target="_blank" href="https://youtu.be/gN2l8H_AWGU" rel="external noopener nofollow" class="link-https"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> </span>(opens in new window)</a></span></p>

<p class="lt-chem-21716">Table <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="132" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-133-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-133-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-133-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 373 245 364 183 364C171 362 165 357 165 348C165 333 172 333 192 333L235 333C310 333 348 280 348 173C348 88 317 14 241 14C176 14 128 36 99 80C134 79 160 105 160 139C160 173 135 198 101 198C62 198 42 178 42 137C42 88 64 49 108 18C147-9 193-22 244-22C301-22 350-3 393 34C436 71 457 117 457 173C457 267 383 332 303 353Z"></path><path id="MJX-133-NCM-N-31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 572 217 588L217 82C217 64 213 52 204 47C195 42 170 39 130 39L95 39L95 0C120 2 174 3 257 3C340 3 394 2 419 0L419 39L384 39C343 39 318 42 310 47C302 52 297 64 297 82L297 636C297 660 295 666 269 666Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 1 2 3 4)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="1}" data-semantic-type="punctuated" data-semantic-role="sequence" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-id="5" data-semantic-children="0,1,2,3,4" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\PageIndex{1};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 1 2 3 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-133-NCM-N-34"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}" transform="translate(500,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="1" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-133-NCM-N-2E"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="3" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(778,0)"><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-133-NCM-N-33"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}" transform="translate(1278,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="3" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-133-NCM-N-2E"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="4" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(1556,0)"><use data-c="31" href="#MJX-133-NCM-N-31"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 1 2 3 4)"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="1}" data-semantic-type="punctuated" data-semantic-role="sequence" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,1,2,3,4" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\PageIndex{1};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 1 2 3 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><mn data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">4</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="3" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">3</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">1</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> lists some common strong acids and bases. Acids other than the six common strong acids are almost invariably weak acids. The only common strong bases are the hydroxides of the alkali metals and the heavier alkaline earths (Ca, Sr, and Ba); any other bases you encounter are most likely weak. Remember that <em>there is no correlation between solubility and whether a substance is a strong or a weak electrolyte!</em> Many weak acids and bases are extremely soluble in water.</p>

<table class="mt-responsive-table" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
    <caption>Table <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="133" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-134-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-134-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-134-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 373 245 364 183 364C171 362 165 357 165 348C165 333 172 333 192 333L235 333C310 333 348 280 348 173C348 88 317 14 241 14C176 14 128 36 99 80C134 79 160 105 160 139C160 173 135 198 101 198C62 198 42 178 42 137C42 88 64 49 108 18C147-9 193-22 244-22C301-22 350-3 393 34C436 71 457 117 457 173C457 267 383 332 303 353Z"></path><path id="MJX-134-NCM-N-31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 572 217 588L217 82C217 64 213 52 204 47C195 42 170 39 130 39L95 39L95 0C120 2 174 3 257 3C340 3 394 2 419 0L419 39L384 39C343 39 318 42 310 47C302 52 297 64 297 82L297 636C297 660 295 666 269 666Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 1 2 3 4)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="1}" data-semantic-type="punctuated" data-semantic-role="sequence" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-id="5" data-semantic-children="0,1,2,3,4" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\PageIndex{1};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 1 2 3 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-134-NCM-N-34"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}" transform="translate(500,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="1" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-134-NCM-N-2E"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="3" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(778,0)"><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-134-NCM-N-33"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}" transform="translate(1278,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="3" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-134-NCM-N-2E"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="4" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(1556,0)"><use data-c="31" href="#MJX-134-NCM-N-31"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 1 2 3 4)"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="1}" data-semantic-type="punctuated" data-semantic-role="sequence" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,1,2,3,4" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\PageIndex{1};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 1 2 3 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><mn data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">4</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="3" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">3</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">1</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>: Common Strong Acids and Bases</caption>
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" style="text-align:center;"><strong>Strong Acids</strong></th>
            <th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" style="text-align:center;"><strong>Strong Bases</strong></th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <th scope="col" style="text-align:center;">Hydrogen Halides</th>
            <th scope="col" style="text-align:center;">Oxoacids</th>
            <th scope="col" style="text-align:center;">Group 1 Hydroxides</th>
            <th scope="col" style="text-align:center;">Hydroxides of Heavy Group 2 Elements</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong AcidsHydrogen Halides" style="text-align:center;">HCl</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong AcidsOxoacids" style="text-align:center;">HNO<sub>3</sub></td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong BasesGroup 1 Hydroxides" style="text-align:center;">LiOH</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong BasesHydroxides of Heavy Group 2 Elements" style="text-align:center;">Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong AcidsHydrogen Halides" style="text-align:center;">HBr</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong AcidsOxoacids" style="text-align:center;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong BasesGroup 1 Hydroxides" style="text-align:center;">NaOH</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong BasesHydroxides of Heavy Group 2 Elements" style="text-align:center;">Sr(OH)<sub>2</sub></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong AcidsHydrogen Halides" style="text-align:center;">HI</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong AcidsOxoacids" style="text-align:center;">HClO<sub>4</sub></td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong BasesGroup 1 Hydroxides" style="text-align:center;">KOH</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong BasesHydroxides of Heavy Group 2 Elements" style="text-align:center;">Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong AcidsHydrogen Halides" style="text-align:center;">&nbsp;</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong AcidsOxoacids" style="text-align:center;">&nbsp;</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong BasesGroup 1 Hydroxides" style="text-align:center;">RbOH</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong BasesHydroxides of Heavy Group 2 Elements" style="text-align:center;">&nbsp;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong AcidsHydrogen Halides" style="text-align:center;">&nbsp;</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong AcidsOxoacids" style="text-align:center;">&nbsp;</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong BasesGroup 1 Hydroxides" style="text-align:center;">CsOH</td>
            <td class="lt-chem-21716" data-th="Strong BasesHydroxides of Heavy Group 2 Elements" style="text-align:center;">&nbsp;</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<div class="box-example">
<span id="Example_.5C(.5CPageIndex.7B1.7D.5C):_Acid_Strength"></span><h5 class="box-legend"><span class="lt-icon-default">Example <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="134" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-135-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-135-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-135-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 373 245 364 183 364C171 362 165 357 165 348C165 333 172 333 192 333L235 333C310 333 348 280 348 173C348 88 317 14 241 14C176 14 128 36 99 80C134 79 160 105 160 139C160 173 135 198 101 198C62 198 42 178 42 137C42 88 64 49 108 18C147-9 193-22 244-22C301-22 350-3 393 34C436 71 457 117 457 173C457 267 383 332 303 353Z"></path><path id="MJX-135-NCM-N-31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 572 217 588L217 82C217 64 213 52 204 47C195 42 170 39 130 39L95 39L95 0C120 2 174 3 257 3C340 3 394 2 419 0L419 39L384 39C343 39 318 42 310 47C302 52 297 64 297 82L297 636C297 660 295 666 269 666Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 1 2 3 4)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="1}" data-semantic-type="punctuated" data-semantic-role="sequence" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-id="5" data-semantic-children="0,1,2,3,4" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\PageIndex{1};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 1 2 3 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-135-NCM-N-34"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}" transform="translate(500,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="1" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-135-NCM-N-2E"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="3" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(778,0)"><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-135-NCM-N-33"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}" transform="translate(1278,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="3" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-135-NCM-N-2E"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="4" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(1556,0)"><use data-c="31" href="#MJX-135-NCM-N-31"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 1 2 3 4)"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="1}" data-semantic-type="punctuated" data-semantic-role="sequence" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,1,2,3,4" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\PageIndex{1};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 1 2 3 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><mn data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">4</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="3" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">3</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">1</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>: Acid Strength</span></h5>

<p class="lt-chem-21716">Classify each compound as a strong acid, a weak acid, a strong base, a weak base, or none of these.</p>

<p class="lt-chem-21716"><strong class="emphasis bold">Given: </strong>compound</p>

<p class="lt-chem-21716"><strong class="emphasis bold">Asked for: </strong>acid or base strength</p>

<span id="Strategy:"></span><h6>Strategy:</h6>

<p class="lt-chem-21716"><strong class="emphasis bold">A</strong> Determine whether the compound is organic or inorganic.</p>

<p class="lt-chem-21716"><strong class="emphasis bold">B</strong> If inorganic, determine whether the compound is acidic or basic by the presence of dissociable H<sup>+</sup> or OH<sup>&minus;</sup> ions, respectively. If organic, identify the compound as a weak base or a weak acid by the presence of an amine or a carboxylic acid group, respectively. Recall that all polyprotic acids except H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> are weak acids.</p>

<span id="Solution:"></span><h6>Solution:</h6>

<ol start="1" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
    <li class="lt-chem-21716"><strong class="emphasis bold">A</strong> This compound is propionic acid, which is organic. <strong class="emphasis bold">B</strong> It contains a carboxylic acid group analogous to that in acetic acid, so it must be a weak acid.</li>
    <li class="lt-chem-21716"><strong class="emphasis bold">A</strong> CH<sub>3</sub>OH is methanol, an organic compound that contains the &minus;OH group. <strong class="emphasis bold">B</strong> As a covalent compound, it does not dissociate to form the OH<sup>&minus;</sup> ion. Because it does not contain a carboxylic acid (&minus;CO<sub>2</sub>H) group, methanol also cannot dissociate to form H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ions. Thus we predict that in aqueous solution methanol is neither an acid nor a base.</li>
    <li class="lt-chem-21716"><strong class="emphasis bold">A</strong> Sr(OH)<sub>2</sub> is an inorganic compound that contains one Sr<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup> and two OH<sup>&minus;</sup> ions per formula unit. <strong class="emphasis bold">B</strong> We therefore expect it to be a strong base, similar to Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>.</li>
    <li class="lt-chem-21716"><strong class="emphasis bold">A</strong> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub> is an amine (ethylamine), an organic compound in which one hydrogen of ammonia has been replaced by an R group. <strong class="emphasis bold">B</strong> Consequently, we expect it to behave similarly to ammonia (Equation <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="135" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-136-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-136-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-136-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 373 245 364 183 364C171 362 165 357 165 348C165 333 172 333 192 333L235 333C310 333 348 280 348 173C348 88 317 14 241 14C176 14 128 36 99 80C134 79 160 105 160 139C160 173 135 198 101 198C62 198 42 178 42 137C42 88 64 49 108 18C147-9 193-22 244-22C301-22 350-3 393 34C436 71 457 117 457 173C457 267 383 332 303 353Z"></path><path id="MJX-136-NCM-N-37" d="M475 604C482 613 485 626 485 644L243 644C174 644 135 648 128 657C125 660 122 667 120 676L89 676L55 464L88 464C98 520 106 550 112 555C115 558 146 560 205 560L401 560L295 410C214 295 174 171 174 36C174-3 190-22 223-22C256-22 272-3 272 36L272 87C272 239 296 349 343 416Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\ref{4.3.7}" data-semantic-structure="0"><a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chemistry_central/04:_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.03:_Acid-Base_Reactions#mjx-eqn:4.3.7"><g data-mml-node="mrow" data-latex="\ref{4.3.7}" class="MathJax_ref"><rect data-hitbox="true" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all" width="2056" height="699" x="0" y="-22"></rect><g data-mml-node="mtext" data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.7};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.7" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-136-NCM-N-34"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-136-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(500,0)"></use><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-136-NCM-N-33" transform="translate(778,0)"></use><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-136-NCM-N-2E" transform="translate(1278,0)"></use><use data-c="37" href="#MJX-136-NCM-N-37" transform="translate(1556,0)"></use></g></g></a></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\ref{4.3.7}" data-semantic-structure="0"><mrow href="#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.7" data-latex="\ref{4.3.7}" class="MathJax_ref"><mtext data-semantic-type="text" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit;nemeth:number;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ref{4.3.7};href:#mjx-eqn%3A4.3.7" data-semantic-postfix="link" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true">4.3.7</mtext></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>), reacting with water to produce small amounts of the OH<sup>&minus;</sup> ion. Ethylamine is therefore a weak base.</li>
    <li class="lt-chem-21716"><strong class="emphasis bold">A</strong> HBrO<sub>4</sub> is perbromic acid, an inorganic compound. <strong class="emphasis bold">B</strong> It is not listed in Table <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="136" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-137-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-137-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path 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transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 1 2 3 4)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="1}" data-semantic-type="punctuated" data-semantic-role="sequence" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-id="5" data-semantic-children="0,1,2,3,4" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\PageIndex{1};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 1 2 3 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="34" href="#MJX-137-NCM-N-34"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}" transform="translate(500,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="1" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="2E" href="#MJX-137-NCM-N-2E"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="3" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true" transform="translate(778,0)"><use data-c="33" href="#MJX-137-NCM-N-33"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}" transform="translate(1278,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" 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data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,1,2,3,4" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\PageIndex{1};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 1 2 3 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><mn data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">4</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="3" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">3</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">1</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> as one of the common strong acids, but that does not necessarily mean that it is a weak acid. If you examine the periodic table, you can see that Br lies directly below Cl in group 17. We might therefore expect that HBrO<sub>4</sub> is chemically similar to HClO<sub>4</sub>, a strong acid&mdash;and, in fact, it is.</li>
</ol>
</div>

<div class="box-exercise">
<span id="Exercise_.5C(.5CPageIndex.7B1.7D.5C):_Acid_Strength"></span><h5 class="box-legend"><span class="lt-icon-default">Exercise <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="137" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-138-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-138-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-138-NCM-N-33" d="M303 353C369 378 431 441 431 526C431 569 410 604 369 631C333 654 292 666 246 666C201 666 162 654 127 631C88 605 68 571 68 528C68 495 90 472 122 472C154 472 176 495 176 527C176 560 157 578 119 580C145 615 186 633 242 633C302 633 332 598 332 527C332 485 324 450 309 421C282 373 245 364 183 364C171 362 165 357 165 348C165 333 172 333 192 333L235 333C310 333 348 280 348 173C348 88 317 14 241 14C176 14 128 36 99 80C134 79 160 105 160 139C160 173 135 198 101 198C62 198 42 178 42 137C42 88 64 49 108 18C147-9 193-22 244-22C301-22 350-3 393 34C436 71 457 117 457 173C457 267 383 332 303 353Z"></path><path id="MJX-138-NCM-N-31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 572 217 588L217 82C217 64 213 52 204 47C195 42 170 39 130 39L95 39L95 0C120 2 174 3 257 3C340 3 394 2 419 0L419 39L384 39C343 39 318 42 310 47C302 52 297 64 297 82L297 636C297 660 295 666 269 666Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" 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data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:3" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">3</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">1</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>: Acid Strength</span></h5>

<p class="lt-chem-21716">Classify each compound as a strong acid, a weak acid, a strong base, a weak base, or none of these. </p>

<dl>
    <dt><strong class="emphasis bold">Answer a</strong></dt>
    <dd>
    <p class="lt-chem-21716">strong base</p>
    </dd>
    <dt><strong class="emphasis bold">Answer b</strong></dt>
    <dd>
    <p class="lt-chem-21716">strong acid</p>
    </dd>
    <dt><strong class="emphasis bold">Answer c</strong></dt>
    <dd>
    <p class="lt-chem-21716">weak acid</p>
    </dd>
    <dt><strong class="emphasis bold">Answer d</strong></dt>
    <dd>
    <p class="lt-chem-21716">weak base</p>
    </dd>
    <dt><strong class="emphasis bold">Answer e</strong></dt>
    <dd>
    <p class="lt-chem-21716">none of these; formaldehyde is a neutral molecule </p>
    </dd>
</dl>
</div>

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<hr class="autoattribution-divider" /><div class="autoattribution"><p><a target="_blank" class="internal mt-self-link" href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chemistry_central/04:_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.03:_Acid-Base_Reactions">4.3: Acid-Base Reactions</a> is shared under a <a rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA  3.0</a>  license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.</p></div>

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