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<header> <nav aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <p><a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chem65/01:_Chapter_Notes/Chap_01#">Chemistry 65: Preparatory Chemistry</a> > <a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chem65/01:_Chapter_Notes/Chap_01#">Chapter Notes</a></p> </nav> <h1>Chap 01</h1> </header> <main role="main"> <div id="preview" class="preview scrollEditor"> <div id="container-ruller"></div> <div id="preview-content"> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="what-is-chemistry%3F" class="section-title"> WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?</h2> <ul> <li>Chemistry is the science that deals with the materials of the universe, and the changes they undergo.</li> <li>Materials of the universe can be of several forms:</li> </ul> <div>Gas: air, oxygen<br /> Liquid: water, gasoline, vinegar, orange juice,<br /> Solid: rocks, charcoal, table salt, sugar, wood, baking soda</div> <ul> <li>Some examples of changes:</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="burning-of-charcoal" class="section-title"> Burning of charcoal</h2> <div>charcoal + oxygen ⟶ carbon dioxide</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="burning-of-gasoline" class="section-title"> Burning of gasoline</h2> <div>gasoline + oxygen ⟶ carbon dioxide+ water vapor</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="fermentation-of-grape-juice" class="section-title"> Fermentation of grape juice</h2> <div>glucose ⟶ ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide<br /> (in water) (in water)</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="souring-of-wine" class="section-title"> Souring of wine</h2> <div>ethyl alcohol + oxygen ⟶ acetic acid<br /> (in water) (from air) (in water)</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="the-scientific-method" class="section-title"> THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD</h2> <ul> <li>The scientific method is a process of creative thinking and testing aimed at objective and verifiable discoveries. It is generally composed of the following steps:</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="observation" class="section-title"> OBSERVATION</h2> <ul> <li>Facts that our ideas must explain.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/7dce7c3c-74fe-4085-8b13-2ca9840acde6-2.jpg?height=139&width=334&top_left_y=805&top_left_x=666" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="natural-law" class="section-title"> NATURAL LAW</h2> <ul> <li>Observations concurred by many.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/7dce7c3c-74fe-4085-8b13-2ca9840acde6-2.jpg?height=338&width=633&top_left_y=962&top_left_x=517" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> </ul> <div>Hypothesis changed if experiments do not support it.</div> <div>Theory modified if additional experiments do not support it.</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="experiment" class="section-title"> EXPERIMENT</h2> <ul> <li>Procedure to test hypothesis</li> <li>Measures one variable at a time.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/7dce7c3c-74fe-4085-8b13-2ca9840acde6-2.jpg?height=134&width=351&top_left_y=1570&top_left_x=666" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="model-(theory)" class="section-title"> MODEL (THEORY)</h2> <ul> <li>Conceptual assumptions that explain data from experiences.</li> <li>Predicts related phenomena.</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <ol> <li>Which statement below describes a law? Which describes a theory?<br /> a) It explains why observations occur.<br /> b) A summary of previous observations that can be used to predict the results of future related experiments.</li> <li>Classify each statement below as an observation, a law, or a theory:<br /> a) All matter is made of small particles called atoms.<br /> b) When iron rusts in a closed container, the mass of the container and its content does not change.<br /> c) In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.<br /> d) When a match is burned, heat is released.</li> <li>A student prepares several samples of the same gas and measures their mass and volume. The results are tabulated below:</li> </ol> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Mass of Gas (in grams)</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Volume of Gas (in <span class="math-inline " data-overflow="visible"> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="1.566ex" height="1.552ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -686 692 686"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D40B" d="M643 285Q641 280 629 148T612 4V0H39V62H147V624H39V686H51Q75 683 228 683Q415 685 425 686H439V624H304V62H352H378Q492 62 539 138Q551 156 558 178T569 214T576 255T581 289H643V285Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> )</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">22.5</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.60</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">35.8</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.55</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">70.2</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5.00</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">98.5</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">7.01</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <div>Which statement(s) below describe the relationship between the mass and volume of the gas:<br /> a) The mass of the gas is inversely proportional to its volume.<br /> b) The mass to volume ratio of the gas is constant.<br /> c) The mass to volume ratio of the gas is not constant.<br /> d) The mass of the gas directly proportional to its volume.</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples-(cont'd)%3A" class="section-title"> Examples (cont'd):</h2> <ol start="4"> <li>Identify each of the following as an observation, a hypothesis, an experiment or a conclusion:<br /> a) Drinking coffee at night keeps me awake. <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> b) I will try drinking coffee only in the <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> morning.<br /> c) If I stop drinking coffee in the afternoon, I <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> will be able to sleep at night.<br /> d) When I drink decaffeinated coffee, I sleep <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> better at night.<br /> e) I am going to drink only decaffeinated <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> coffee.<br /> f) I sleep better at night because I stopped drinking caffeinated drinks.<br /> <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <p><small>Converted for LibreTexts accessibility compliance</small></p> </footer>
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