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Chap_06
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<header> <nav aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <p><a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chem51/01:_Chapter_Notes/Chap_06#">Chemistry 51: Fundamentals for Health Sciences</a> > <a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chem51/01:_Chapter_Notes/Chap_06#">Chapter Notes</a></p> </nav> <h1>Chap 06</h1> </header> <main role="main"> <div id="preview" class="preview scrollEditor"> <div id="container-ruller"></div> <div id="preview-content"> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="octet-rule-%5C%26-ions" class="section-title"> OCTET RULE & IONS</h2> <ul> <li>Most elements, except noble gases, combine to form compounds. Compounds are the result of the formation of chemical bonds between two or more different elements.</li> <li>In the formation of a chemical bond, atoms lose, gain or share valence electrons to complete their outer shell and attain a noble gas configuration.</li> <li>This tendency of atoms to have eight electrons in their outer shell is known as the octet rule.</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="formation-of-ions%3A" class="section-title"> Formation of Ions:</h2> <ul> <li>An ion (charged particle) can be produced when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-01.jpg?height=402&width=729&top_left_y=1087&top_left_x=743" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> <li>A cation (+ ion) is formed when a neutral atom loses an electron.</li> <li>An anion (- ion) is formed when a neutral atom gains an electron.</li> </ul> <div class="table" number="1"> <div class="figure_img" style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-01.jpg?height=304&width=323&top_left_y=1817&top_left_x=670" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;" /></div><div class="caption_figure">Cl atom</div></div> <div class="table" number="2"> <div class="figure_img" style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-01.jpg?height=308&width=362&top_left_y=1817&top_left_x=1119" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;" /></div><div class="caption_figure"><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.048ex;" width="3.695ex" height="1.958ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -844.3 1633.1 865.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1033,432.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>ion</div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="ionic-charges" class="section-title"> IONIC CHARGES</h2> <ul> <li>The ionic charge of an ion is dependent on the number of electrons lost or gained to attain a noble gas configuration.</li> <li>For most main group elements, the ionic charges can be determined from their group number, as shown below:</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; " colspan="2"></td> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; " colspan="3">Metals Lose Valence Electrons</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; " colspan="5">Nonmetals Gain Valence Electrons</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Noble Gases</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1A (1)</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2A (2)</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3A (13)</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5A (15)</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">6A (16)</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">7A (17)</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Noble Gases</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">He</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-02.jpg?height=99&width=137&top_left_y=956&top_left_x=575" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; 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border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-02.jpg?height=96&width=135&top_left_y=1188&top_left_x=1486" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ar</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Kr</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-02.jpg?height=102&width=134&top_left_y=1303&top_left_x=575" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" width="5.014ex" height="1.99ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -868.7 2216.2 879.7"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D411" d="M394 0Q370 3 222 3Q75 3 51 0H39V62H147V624H39V686H234Q256 686 299 686T362 687Q479 687 554 669T681 593Q716 550 716 497Q716 390 568 338Q569 337 572 336T577 332Q605 317 623 300T650 258T662 218T668 172Q678 98 689 76Q707 40 748 40Q770 40 780 54T795 88T801 111Q805 117 827 117H831Q846 117 852 113T858 92Q857 78 852 63T834 30T797 1T739 -11Q630 -11 580 12T511 87Q506 104 506 168Q506 170 506 178T507 194Q507 289 438 313Q424 318 356 318H298V62H406V0H394ZM366 369Q459 370 490 381Q548 402 548 476V498V517Q548 578 513 600Q479 624 392 624H358H298V369H366Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(862,0)"><path data-c="1D41B" d="M32 686L123 690Q214 694 215 694H221V409Q289 450 378 450Q479 450 539 387T600 221Q600 122 535 58T358 -6H355Q272 -6 203 53L160 1L129 0H98V301Q98 362 98 435T99 525Q99 591 97 604T83 620Q69 624 42 624H29V686H32ZM227 105L232 99Q237 93 242 87T258 73T280 59T306 49T339 45Q380 45 411 66T451 131Q457 160 457 230Q457 264 456 284T448 329T430 367T396 389T343 398Q282 398 235 355L227 348V105Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1534,421.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M64 232T64 250T87 281H416V444Q416 608 418 612Q426 633 446 633T475 613Q477 608 477 444V281H807Q808 280 811 278T817 274T823 269T827 262T829 251Q829 230 807 221L642 220H477V57Q477 -107 475 -112Q468 -131 446 -131Q425 -131 418 -112Q416 -107 416 57V220H251L87 221Q64 232 64 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; 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border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-02.jpg?height=96&width=135&top_left_y=1303&top_left_x=1486" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Kr</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Xe</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-02.jpg?height=96&width=134&top_left_y=1423&top_left_x=575" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.048ex;" width="3.957ex" height="1.958ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -844.3 1749.1 865.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1149,432.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.014ex;" width="5.653ex" height="1.994ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -875.5 2498.7 881.5"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D401" d="M720 510Q720 476 704 448T665 404T619 377T580 362L564 359L583 356Q602 353 632 342T690 312Q712 292 725 276Q752 235 752 189V183Q752 160 741 125Q698 18 547 2Q543 1 288 0H39V62H147V624H39V686H264H409Q502 686 542 681T624 655Q720 607 720 510ZM563 513Q563 553 548 578T518 611T486 622Q479 624 385 624H293V382H375Q458 383 467 385Q563 405 563 513ZM590 192Q590 307 505 329Q504 330 503 330L398 331H293V62H391H400H444Q496 62 528 75T580 131Q590 155 590 192Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(818,0)"><path data-c="1D41A" d="M64 349Q64 399 107 426T255 453Q346 453 402 423T473 341Q478 327 478 310T479 196V77Q493 63 529 62Q549 62 553 57T558 31Q558 9 552 5T514 0H497H481Q375 0 367 56L356 46Q300 -6 210 -6Q130 -6 81 30T32 121Q32 188 111 226T332 272H350V292Q350 313 348 327T337 361T306 391T248 402T194 399H189Q204 376 204 354Q204 327 187 306T134 284Q97 284 81 305T64 349ZM164 121Q164 89 186 67T238 45Q274 45 307 63T346 108L350 117V226H347Q248 218 206 189T164 121Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1410,413.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D0" d="M175 580Q175 578 185 572T205 551T215 510Q215 467 191 449T137 430Q107 430 83 448T58 511Q58 558 91 592T168 640T259 654Q328 654 383 637Q451 610 484 563T517 459Q517 401 482 360T368 262Q340 243 265 184L210 140H274Q416 140 429 145Q439 148 447 186T455 237H517V233Q516 230 501 119Q489 9 486 4V0H57V25Q57 51 58 54Q60 57 109 106T215 214T288 291Q364 377 364 458Q364 515 328 553T231 592Q214 592 201 589T181 584T175 580Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(575,0)"><path data-c="2B" d="M64 232T64 250T87 281H416V444Q416 608 418 612Q426 633 446 633T475 613Q477 608 477 444V281H807Q808 280 811 278T817 274T823 269T827 262T829 251Q829 230 807 221L642 220H477V57Q477 -107 475 -112Q468 -131 446 -131Q425 -131 418 -112Q416 -107 416 57V220H251L87 221Q64 232 64 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="2.419ex" height="1.754ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1069.1 775.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D408" d="M397 0Q370 3 218 3Q65 3 38 0H25V62H139V624H25V686H38Q65 683 218 683Q370 683 397 686H410V624H296V62H410V0H397Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(469,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-02.jpg?height=96&width=135&top_left_y=1423&top_left_x=1486" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Xe</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <ul> <li>All other ionic charges need to be memorized and known in order to write correct formulas for the compounds containing them.</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="compounds" class="section-title"> COMPOUNDS</h2> <ul> <li>Compounds are pure substances that contain 2 or more elements combined in a definite proportion by mass.</li> <li>Compounds can be classified as one of two types: Ionic and molecular (covalent)<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-03.jpg?height=572&width=1583&top_left_y=627&top_left_x=317" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> <li>Ionic compounds are formed by combination of a metal and a non-metal. The smallest particles of ionic compounds are ions.</li> <li>Molecular compounds are formed by combination of 2 or more non-metals. The smallest particles of molecular compounds are molecules.</li> <li>The nature and type of the chemical bond is directly responsible for many physical and chemical properties of a substance: (e.g. melting point, conductivity)<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-03.jpg?height=619&width=544&top_left_y=1781&top_left_x=262" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> <li>When the conductivity apparatus is placed in salt solution, the bulb will light. But when it is placed in sugar solution, the bulb does not light.</li> <li>This difference in conductivity between salt and sugar is due to the different types of bonds between their atoms.</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="ionic-compounds" class="section-title"> IONIC COMPOUNDS</h2> <ul> <li>Ionic compounds contain ionic bonds, which occur when electrons are transferred between two atoms.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-04.jpg?height=538&width=1754&top_left_y=569&top_left_x=199" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> <li>Ionic bonds occur between metals and non-metals.</li> <li>Atoms that lose electrons (metals) form positive ions (cations).</li> <li>Atoms that gain electrons (non-metals) form negative ions (anions).</li> <li>The smallest particles of ionic compounds are ions (not atoms).</li> </ul> <div class="table" number="3"> <div class="figure_img" style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-04.jpg?height=353&width=353&top_left_y=1656&top_left_x=586" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;" /></div><div class="caption_figure">(a)</div></div> <div class="table" number="4"> <div class="figure_img" style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-04.jpg?height=274&width=252&top_left_y=1714&top_left_x=988" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;" /></div><div class="caption_figure"><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" width="4.26ex" height="1.885ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -822.3 1883.1 833.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1283,410.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> (b)</div></div> <div class="table" number="5"> <div class="figure_img" style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-04.jpg?height=300&width=255&top_left_y=1714&top_left_x=1299" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;" /></div><div class="caption_figure">(c)</div></div> <div>Comparison between sodium atom (a), sodium ion (b) and neon atom (c)</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="ionic-charges-%5C%26-formulas" class="section-title"> IONIC CHARGES & FORMULAS</h2> <ul> <li>The formula of an ionic compound indicates the number and kinds of ions that make up the ionic compound.</li> <li>The sum of the ionic charges in the formula is always zero, which indicates that the total number of positive charges is equal to the total number of negative charges.</li> <li>For example, the +1 charge on the sodium ion is cancelled by the -1 charge on the chloride ion, to form a net zero charge.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-05.jpg?height=459&width=1200&top_left_y=818&top_left_x=489" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> <li>When charges between the two ions do not balance, subscripts are used to balance the charges.</li> <li>For example, since each magnesium loses 2 electrons, and each chloride gains one electron, 2 chlorides are needed to balance the charge of the magnesium ion. Therefore, magnesium chloride is written as <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.546ex;" width="6.456ex" height="2.141ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2853.6 946.4"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="67" d="M329 409Q373 453 429 453Q459 453 472 434T485 396Q485 382 476 371T449 360Q416 360 412 390Q410 404 415 411Q415 412 416 414V415Q388 412 363 393Q355 388 355 386Q355 385 359 381T368 369T379 351T388 325T392 292Q392 230 343 187T222 143Q172 143 123 171Q112 153 112 133Q112 98 138 81Q147 75 155 75T227 73Q311 72 335 67Q396 58 431 26Q470 -13 470 -72Q470 -139 392 -175Q332 -206 250 -206Q167 -206 107 -175Q29 -140 29 -75Q29 -39 50 -15T92 18L103 24Q67 55 67 108Q67 155 96 193Q52 237 52 292Q52 355 102 398T223 442Q274 442 318 416L329 409ZM299 343Q294 371 273 387T221 404Q192 404 171 388T145 343Q142 326 142 292Q142 248 149 227T179 192Q196 182 222 182Q244 182 260 189T283 207T294 227T299 242Q302 258 302 292T299 343ZM403 -75Q403 -50 389 -34T348 -11T299 -2T245 0H218Q151 0 138 -6Q118 -15 107 -34T95 -74Q95 -84 101 -97T122 -127T170 -155T250 -167Q319 -167 361 -139T403 -75Z" transform="translate(917,0)"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(1417,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(2139,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2450,-241.4) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-05.jpg?height=676&width=1036&top_left_y=1804&top_left_x=623" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="naming-%5C%26-writing-ionic-formulas" class="section-title"> NAMING & WRITING IONIC FORMULAS</h2> <ul> <li>When writing ionic formula, knowing the charge of the ions are important since the net charge on the compound must be zero.</li> <li>Some elements produce only one ion (Type I) while others produce two or more ions (Type II).</li> <li>Differentiating between type I and II ions is important, since the naming system is different for each. Shown below are the common ions of each type:</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1 Group 1A</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; " colspan="17"><div class="inline-tabular sub-table"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">18</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">p Group</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2 8A</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="3.129ex" height="1.754ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1383.1 775.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Group 2A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Group Group Group Group Group 3A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">6A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">7A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px 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!important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <ul> <li>Note that most main-group elements are type I (except Sn and Pb), and most transition elements are type II (except Ag, Cd and Zn).</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="naming-%5C%26-writing-ionic-formulas-2" class="section-title"> NAMING & WRITING IONIC FORMULAS</h2> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="binary-ionic-compounds-(type-i)%3A" class="section-title"> Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I):</h2> <ul> <li>Binary compounds contain only two elements.</li> <li>Type I are those cations that form only one ion.</li> <li>In these compounds, charges of the cations must equal the charges of the anions since the net charge is zero.</li> <li>Subscripts are used to balance the charges between cations and anions.</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Name</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Sodium bromide</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Potassium sulfide</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ions</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="9.188ex" height="2.299ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -822.3 4060.9 1016.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1283,410.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1883.1,0)"><path data-c="2C" d="M78 35T78 60T94 103T137 121Q165 121 187 96T210 8Q210 -27 201 -60T180 -117T154 -158T130 -185T117 -194Q113 -194 104 -185T95 -172Q95 -168 106 -156T131 -126T157 -76T173 -3V9L172 8Q170 7 167 6T161 3T152 1T140 0Q113 0 96 17Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(2327.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="42" d="M131 622Q124 629 120 631T104 634T61 637H28V683H229H267H346Q423 683 459 678T531 651Q574 627 599 590T624 512Q624 461 583 419T476 360L466 357Q539 348 595 302T651 187Q651 119 600 67T469 3Q456 1 242 0H28V46H61Q103 47 112 49T131 61V622ZM511 513Q511 560 485 594T416 636Q415 636 403 636T371 636T333 637Q266 637 251 636T232 628Q229 624 229 499V374H312L396 375L406 377Q410 378 417 380T442 393T474 417T499 456T511 513ZM537 188Q537 239 509 282T430 336L329 337H229V200V116Q229 57 234 52Q240 47 334 47H383Q425 47 443 53Q486 67 511 104T537 188Z"></path><path data-c="72" d="M36 46H50Q89 46 97 60V68Q97 77 97 91T98 122T98 161T98 203Q98 234 98 269T98 328L97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 60 434T96 436Q112 437 131 438T160 441T171 442H174V373Q213 441 271 441H277Q322 441 343 419T364 373Q364 352 351 337T313 322Q288 322 276 338T263 372Q263 381 265 388T270 400T273 405Q271 407 250 401Q234 393 226 386Q179 341 179 207V154Q179 141 179 127T179 101T180 81T180 66V61Q181 59 183 57T188 54T193 51T200 49T207 48T216 47T225 47T235 46T245 46H276V0H267Q249 3 140 3Q37 3 28 0H20V46H36Z" transform="translate(708,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1133,410.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="7.689ex" height="2.326ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.9 3398.5 1027.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1411.1,0)"><path data-c="2C" d="M78 35T78 60T94 103T137 121Q165 121 187 96T210 8Q210 -27 201 -60T180 -117T154 -158T130 -185T117 -194Q113 -194 104 -185T95 -172Q95 -168 106 -156T131 -126T157 -76T173 -3V9L172 8Q170 7 167 6T161 3T152 1T140 0Q113 0 96 17Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(1855.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(589,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(778,0)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Formula</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">NaBr</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.571ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2020.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1214.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(250,0)"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <div>When naming ionic compounds:</div> <ul> <li>Name the cation first, the anion last.</li> <li>The cation name is the same as the name of the metal it forms from.</li> <li>The anion name takes the root of non-metal and the ending "-ide".</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.546ex;" width="6.456ex" height="2.141ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2853.6 946.4"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="67" d="M329 409Q373 453 429 453Q459 453 472 434T485 396Q485 382 476 371T449 360Q416 360 412 390Q410 404 415 411Q415 412 416 414V415Q388 412 363 393Q355 388 355 386Q355 385 359 381T368 369T379 351T388 325T392 292Q392 230 343 187T222 143Q172 143 123 171Q112 153 112 133Q112 98 138 81Q147 75 155 75T227 73Q311 72 335 67Q396 58 431 26Q470 -13 470 -72Q470 -139 392 -175Q332 -206 250 -206Q167 -206 107 -175Q29 -140 29 -75Q29 -39 50 -15T92 18L103 24Q67 55 67 108Q67 155 96 193Q52 237 52 292Q52 355 102 398T223 442Q274 442 318 416L329 409ZM299 343Q294 371 273 387T221 404Q192 404 171 388T145 343Q142 326 142 292Q142 248 149 227T179 192Q196 182 222 182Q244 182 260 189T283 207T294 227T299 242Q302 258 302 292T299 343ZM403 -75Q403 -50 389 -34T348 -11T299 -2T245 0H218Q151 0 138 -6Q118 -15 107 -34T95 -74Q95 -84 101 -97T122 -127T170 -155T250 -167Q319 -167 361 -139T403 -75Z" transform="translate(917,0)"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(1417,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(2139,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2450,-241.4) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">magnesium chloride</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">NaI</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">sodium iodide</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="4.791ex" height="1.994ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 2117.6 881.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="41" d="M255 0Q240 3 140 3Q48 3 39 0H32V46H47Q119 49 139 88Q140 91 192 245T295 553T348 708Q351 716 366 716H376Q396 715 400 709Q402 707 508 390L617 67Q624 54 636 51T687 46H717V0H708Q699 3 581 3Q458 3 437 0H427V46H440Q510 46 510 64Q510 66 486 138L462 209H229L209 150Q189 91 189 85Q189 72 209 59T259 46H264V0H255ZM447 255L345 557L244 256Q244 255 345 255H447Z"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z" transform="translate(1028,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1714,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">aluminum fluoride</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <ol> <li>Write formulas for the following ionic compounds:<br /> calcium chloride: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> sodium sulfide: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> <li>Name the following ionic compounds:<br /> <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="5.356ex" height="1.92ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 2367.6 848.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1283,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 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focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="5.983ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2644.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="42" d="M131 622Q124 629 120 631T104 634T61 637H28V683H229H267H346Q423 683 459 678T531 651Q574 627 599 590T624 512Q624 461 583 419T476 360L466 357Q539 348 595 302T651 187Q651 119 600 67T469 3Q456 1 242 0H28V46H61Q103 47 112 49T131 61V622ZM511 513Q511 560 485 594T416 636Q415 636 403 636T371 636T333 637Q266 637 251 636T232 628Q229 624 229 499V374H312L396 375L406 377Q410 378 417 380T442 393T474 417T499 456T511 513ZM537 188Q537 239 509 282T430 336L329 337H229V200V116Q229 57 234 52Q240 47 334 47H383Q425 47 443 53Q486 67 511 104T537 188Z"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(708,0)"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(1208,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(1930,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2241,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> : <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> </ol> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="naming-%5C%26-writing-ionic-formulas-3" class="section-title"> NAMING & WRITING IONIC FORMULAS</h2> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="binary-ionic-compounds-(type-ii)%3A" class="section-title"> Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II):</h2> <ul> <li>Type II ions are those cations that form more than one ion.</li> <li>When naming compounds formed from these ions, include the ionic charge as Roman numeral, in parentheses, after the metal's name.</li> <li>This method of nomenclature is called the "stock" system.</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="4.965ex" height="1.781ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2194.4 787"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="3F" d="M226 668Q190 668 162 656T124 632L114 621Q116 621 119 620T130 616T145 607T157 591T162 567Q162 544 147 529T109 514T71 528T55 566Q55 625 100 661T199 704Q201 704 210 704T224 705H228Q281 705 320 692T378 656T407 612T416 567Q416 503 361 462Q267 395 247 303Q242 279 242 241V224Q242 205 239 202T222 198T205 201T202 218V249Q204 320 220 371T255 445T292 491T315 537Q317 546 317 574V587Q317 604 315 615T304 640T277 661T226 668ZM162 61Q162 89 180 105T224 121Q247 119 264 104T281 61Q281 31 264 16T222 1Q197 1 180 16T162 61Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(694.2,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(1694.4,0)"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="6.788ex" height="1.692ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -666 3000.4 748"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(778,0)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1500.2,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(2500.4,0)"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="5.732ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2533.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z"></path><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z" transform="translate(653,0)"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(1097,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(1819,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2130,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="5.732ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2533.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z"></path><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z" transform="translate(653,0)"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(1097,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 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style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Iron(II) chloride</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="4.965ex" height="1.781ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2194.4 787"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="3F" d="M226 668Q190 668 162 656T124 632L114 621Q116 621 119 620T130 616T145 607T157 591T162 567Q162 544 147 529T109 514T71 528T55 566Q55 625 100 661T199 704Q201 704 210 704T224 705H228Q281 705 320 692T378 656T407 612T416 567Q416 503 361 462Q267 395 247 303Q242 279 242 241V224Q242 205 239 202T222 198T205 201T202 218V249Q204 320 220 371T255 445T292 491T315 537Q317 546 317 574V587Q317 604 315 615T304 640T277 661T226 668ZM162 61Q162 89 180 105T224 121Q247 119 264 104T281 61Q281 31 264 16T222 1Q197 1 180 16T162 61Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(694.2,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(1694.4,0)"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="6.788ex" height="1.692ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -666 3000.4 748"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(778,0)"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1500.2,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(2500.4,0)"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="5.732ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2533.6 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 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563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z"></path><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z" transform="translate(653,0)"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(1097,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(1819,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2130,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Iron(III) chloride</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" 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189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="5.639ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2492.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1311,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1714.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Copper(I) oxide</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="4.965ex" height="1.781ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2194.4 787"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="3F" d="M226 668Q190 668 162 656T124 632L114 621Q116 621 119 620T130 616T145 607T157 591T162 567Q162 544 147 529T109 514T71 528T55 566Q55 625 100 661T199 704Q201 704 210 704T224 705H228Q281 705 320 692T378 656T407 612T416 567Q416 503 361 462Q267 395 247 303Q242 279 242 241V224Q242 205 239 202T222 198T205 201T202 218V249Q204 320 220 371T255 445T292 491T315 537Q317 546 317 574V587Q317 604 315 615T304 640T277 661T226 668ZM162 61Q162 89 180 105T224 121Q247 119 264 104T281 61Q281 31 264 16T222 1Q197 1 180 16T162 61Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(694.2,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(1694.4,0)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="6.788ex" height="1.692ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -666 3000.4 748"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(778,0)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1500.2,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(2500.4,0)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">CuO</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">CuO</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Copper(II) oxide</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A-2" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <ol> <li>Name each of the following compounds:<br /> <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="5.766ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2548.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(556,0)"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(1112,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(1834,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2145,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> : <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="5.703ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2520.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1311,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1714.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(250,0)"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> : <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="7.131ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3152.1 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(917,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1506,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1909.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(250,0)"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(839,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> <li>Write formulas for each of the following compounds:<br /> tin(II) bromide: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> titanium (IV) oxide: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> chromium (III) oxide <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> </ol> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="covalent-compounds" class="section-title"> COVALENT COMPOUNDS</h2> <ul> <li>Covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared between two atoms.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-09.jpg?height=175&width=663&top_left_y=511&top_left_x=704" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> <li>Covalent bonds occur between two non-metals.</li> <li>The smallest particle of a covalent compound is a molecule.</li> <li>Two types of covalent bonds exist: polar and nonpolar.</li> <li>Nonpolar covalent bonds occur between similar atoms. In these bonds the electron pair is shared equally between the two protons.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-09.jpg?height=158&width=283&top_left_y=1228&top_left_x=979" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> <li>Polar covalent bonds occur between different atoms. In these bonds the electron pair is shared unequally between the two protons. As a result there is a charge separation in the molecule, and partial charges on each atom.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-09.jpg?height=334&width=371&top_left_y=1641&top_left_x=880" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A-3" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <div>Classify each of the bonds below as ionic, polar covalent or non-polar covalent:</div> <ol> <li><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="4.791ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2117.6 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(1403,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1714,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> <li><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.546ex;" width="5.671ex" height="2.091ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 2506.6 924.4"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="67" d="M329 409Q373 453 429 453Q459 453 472 434T485 396Q485 382 476 371T449 360Q416 360 412 390Q410 404 415 411Q415 412 416 414V415Q388 412 363 393Q355 388 355 386Q355 385 359 381T368 369T379 351T388 325T392 292Q392 230 343 187T222 143Q172 143 123 171Q112 153 112 133Q112 98 138 81Q147 75 155 75T227 73Q311 72 335 67Q396 58 431 26Q470 -13 470 -72Q470 -139 392 -175Q332 -206 250 -206Q167 -206 107 -175Q29 -140 29 -75Q29 -39 50 -15T92 18L103 24Q67 55 67 108Q67 155 96 193Q52 237 52 292Q52 355 102 398T223 442Q274 442 318 416L329 409ZM299 343Q294 371 273 387T221 404Q192 404 171 388T145 343Q142 326 142 292Q142 248 149 227T179 192Q196 182 222 182Q244 182 260 189T283 207T294 227T299 242Q302 258 302 292T299 343ZM403 -75Q403 -50 389 -34T348 -11T299 -2T245 0H218Q151 0 138 -6Q118 -15 107 -34T95 -74Q95 -84 101 -97T122 -127T170 -155T250 -167Q319 -167 361 -139T403 -75Z" transform="translate(917,0)"></path><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z" transform="translate(1417,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2103,-241.4) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> <li><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="2.748ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 1214.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> <li><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="6.268ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2770.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(556,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1367,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> </ol> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="naming-%5C%26-writing-covalent-formulas" class="section-title"> NAMING & WRITING COVALENT FORMULAS</h2> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="binary-covalent-compounds%3A" class="section-title"> Binary Covalent Compounds:</h2> <ul> <li>These compounds are named similar to ionic compounds, with the second element named based on its root and suffix "-ide".</li> <li>Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms in these compounds:</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Number</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Prefix</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Number</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Prefix</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">mono-</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">6</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">hexa-</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">di-</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">7</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">hepta-</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">tri-</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">8</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">octa-</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">4</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">tetra-</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">9</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">nona-</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">penta-</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">10</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">deca-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.433ex" height="1.916ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -697 1959.6 847"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D402" d="M64 343Q64 502 174 599T468 697Q502 697 533 691T586 674T623 655T647 639T657 632L694 663Q703 670 711 677T723 687T730 692T735 695T740 696T746 697Q759 697 762 692T766 668V627V489V449Q766 428 762 424T742 419H732H720Q699 419 697 436Q690 498 657 545Q611 618 532 632Q522 634 496 634Q356 634 286 553Q232 488 232 343T286 133Q355 52 497 52Q597 52 650 112T704 237Q704 248 709 251T729 254H735Q750 254 755 253T763 248T766 234Q766 136 680 63T469 -11Q285 -11 175 86T64 343Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(831,0)"><path data-c="1D412" d="M64 493Q64 582 120 636T264 696H272Q280 697 285 697Q380 697 454 645L480 669Q484 672 488 676T495 683T500 688T504 691T508 693T511 695T514 696T517 697T522 697Q536 697 539 691T542 652V577Q542 557 542 532T543 500Q543 472 540 465T524 458H511H505Q489 458 485 461T479 478Q472 529 449 564T393 614T336 634T287 639Q228 639 203 610T177 544Q177 517 195 493T247 457Q253 454 343 436T475 391Q574 326 574 207V200Q574 163 559 120Q517 12 389 -9Q380 -10 346 -10Q308 -10 275 -5T221 7T184 22T160 35T151 40L126 17Q122 14 118 10T111 3T106 -2T102 -5T98 -7T95 -9T92 -10T89 -11T84 -11Q70 -11 67 -4T64 35V108Q64 128 64 153T63 185Q63 203 63 211T69 223T77 227T94 228H100Q118 228 122 225T126 205Q130 125 193 88T345 51Q408 51 434 82T460 157Q460 196 439 221T388 257Q384 259 305 276T221 295Q155 313 110 366T64 493Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1503,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D0" d="M175 580Q175 578 185 572T205 551T215 510Q215 467 191 449T137 430Q107 430 83 448T58 511Q58 558 91 592T168 640T259 654Q328 654 383 637Q451 610 484 563T517 459Q517 401 482 360T368 262Q340 243 265 184L210 140H274Q416 140 429 145Q439 148 447 186T455 237H517V233Q516 230 501 119Q489 9 486 4V0H57V25Q57 51 58 54Q60 57 109 106T215 214T288 291Q364 377 364 458Q364 515 328 553T231 592Q214 592 201 589T181 584T175 580Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">carbon disulfide</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.357ex;" width="5.488ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -697 2425.6 854.8"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D40F" d="M400 0Q376 3 226 3Q75 3 51 0H39V62H147V624H39V686H253Q435 686 470 685T536 678Q585 668 621 648T675 605T705 557T718 514T721 483T718 451T704 409T673 362T616 322T530 293Q500 288 399 287H304V62H412V0H400ZM553 475Q553 554 537 582T459 622Q451 623 373 624H298V343H372Q457 344 480 350Q527 362 540 390T553 475Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(786,0)"><path data-c="1D402" d="M64 343Q64 502 174 599T468 697Q502 697 533 691T586 674T623 655T647 639T657 632L694 663Q703 670 711 677T723 687T730 692T735 695T740 696T746 697Q759 697 762 692T766 668V627V489V449Q766 428 762 424T742 419H732H720Q699 419 697 436Q690 498 657 545Q611 618 532 632Q522 634 496 634Q356 634 286 553Q232 488 232 343T286 133Q355 52 497 52Q597 52 650 112T704 237Q704 248 709 251T729 254H735Q750 254 755 253T763 248T766 234Q766 136 680 63T469 -11Q285 -11 175 86T64 343Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1617,0)"><path data-c="1D425" d="M43 686L134 690Q225 694 226 694H232V62H301V0H292Q274 3 170 3Q67 3 49 0H40V62H109V332Q109 387 109 453T110 534Q110 593 108 605T94 620Q80 624 53 624H40V686H43Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1969,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D3" d="M100 565V605Q100 637 102 646T113 655Q116 655 139 647T202 631T286 623Q332 623 372 631T434 647T459 655Q466 655 469 651T472 643T472 629Q472 613 463 601Q370 487 219 487Q195 487 183 488T169 490T168 433V376Q169 376 174 379T188 387T211 397T244 405T288 409Q390 409 453 352T517 201Q517 106 445 48T253 -11Q169 -11 113 37T57 154Q57 187 79 208T131 229T183 209T206 154Q206 99 155 83Q152 82 157 78Q196 47 253 47Q347 47 358 135Q358 137 358 138Q360 158 360 209Q360 277 355 301T337 338Q315 358 282 358Q202 358 160 303Q153 294 149 292T130 290Q107 290 102 301Q100 304 100 474V565Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">phosphorus pentachloride</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="6.206ex" height="1.914ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -696 2743.2 846"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D40D" d="M314 0Q296 3 181 3T48 0H39V62H147V624H39V686H171H265Q288 686 297 686T309 684T315 679Q317 676 500 455T684 233V624H576V686H585Q603 683 718 683T851 686H860V624H752V319Q752 15 750 11Q747 4 742 2T718 0H712Q708 0 706 0T700 0T696 1T693 2T690 4T687 7T684 11T679 16T674 23Q671 27 437 311L215 579V62H323V0H314Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(933,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D0" d="M175 580Q175 578 185 572T205 551T215 510Q215 467 191 449T137 430Q107 430 83 448T58 511Q58 558 91 592T168 640T259 654Q328 654 383 637Q451 610 484 563T517 459Q517 401 482 360T368 262Q340 243 265 184L210 140H274Q416 140 429 145Q439 148 447 186T455 237H517V233Q516 230 501 119Q489 9 486 4V0H57V25Q57 51 58 54Q60 57 109 106T215 214T288 291Q364 377 364 458Q364 515 328 553T231 592Q214 592 201 589T181 584T175 580Z"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1389.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D40E" d="M64 339Q64 431 96 502T182 614T295 675T420 696Q469 696 481 695Q620 680 709 589T798 339Q798 173 697 82T432 -10Q262 -10 163 85T64 339ZM625 454Q618 502 600 538T562 593T515 624T469 639T431 642Q331 642 276 563Q232 493 232 353Q232 315 234 285T244 216T267 148T308 94T372 56Q405 46 432 46Q517 46 567 106T627 267Q631 299 631 353Q631 418 625 454Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(897,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D2" d="M531 0Q510 3 381 3Q238 3 214 0H201V62H313V155H32V217L205 434Q342 606 362 630T387 655L391 656Q395 656 401 656T414 656H427Q447 656 451 645Q453 641 453 429V217H542V155H453V62H542V0H531ZM324 217V494L103 218L213 217H324Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">dinitrogen tetroxide</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.355ex;" width="6.868ex" height="1.93ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -696 3035.8 853.1"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D40F" d="M400 0Q376 3 226 3Q75 3 51 0H39V62H147V624H39V686H253Q435 686 470 685T536 678Q585 668 621 648T675 605T705 557T718 514T721 483T718 451T704 409T673 362T616 322T530 293Q500 288 399 287H304V62H412V0H400ZM553 475Q553 554 537 582T459 622Q451 623 373 624H298V343H372Q457 344 480 350Q527 362 540 390T553 475Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(819,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D2" d="M531 0Q510 3 381 3Q238 3 214 0H201V62H313V155H32V217L205 434Q342 606 362 630T387 655L391 656Q395 656 401 656T414 656H427Q447 656 451 645Q453 641 453 429V217H542V155H453V62H542V0H531ZM324 217V494L103 218L213 217H324Z"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1275.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D40E" d="M64 339Q64 431 96 502T182 614T295 675T420 696Q469 696 481 695Q620 680 709 589T798 339Q798 173 697 82T432 -10Q262 -10 163 85T64 339ZM625 454Q618 502 600 538T562 593T515 624T469 639T431 642Q331 642 276 563Q232 493 232 353Q232 315 234 285T244 216T267 148T308 94T372 56Q405 46 432 46Q517 46 567 106T627 267Q631 299 631 353Q631 418 625 454Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(897,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7CF" d="M481 0L294 3Q136 3 109 0H96V62H227V304Q227 546 225 546Q169 529 97 529H80V591H97Q231 591 308 647L319 655H333Q355 655 359 644Q361 640 361 351V62H494V0H481Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(575,0)"><path data-c="1D7CE" d="M266 654H280H282Q500 654 524 418Q529 370 529 320Q529 125 456 52Q397 -10 287 -10Q110 -10 63 154Q45 212 45 316Q45 504 113 585Q140 618 185 636T266 654ZM374 548Q347 604 286 604Q247 604 218 575Q197 552 193 511T188 311Q188 159 196 116Q202 87 225 64T287 41Q339 41 367 87Q379 107 382 152T386 329Q386 518 374 548Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">tetraphosphorous decoxide</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <ul> <li>The first atom uses a prefix only when more than one atom is present.</li> <li>The second atom always uses a prefix.</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A-4" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <ol> <li>Name the following molecular compounds:</li> </ol> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="6.534ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2887.9 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(714,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1117.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="35" d="M164 157Q164 133 148 117T109 101H102Q148 22 224 22Q294 22 326 82Q345 115 345 210Q345 313 318 349Q292 382 260 382H254Q176 382 136 314Q132 307 129 306T114 304Q97 304 95 310Q93 314 93 485V614Q93 664 98 664Q100 666 102 666Q103 666 123 658T178 642T253 634Q324 634 389 662Q397 666 402 666Q410 666 410 648V635Q328 538 205 538Q174 538 149 544L139 546V374Q158 388 169 396T205 412T256 420Q337 420 393 355T449 201Q449 109 385 44T229 -22Q148 -22 99 32T50 154Q50 178 61 192T84 210T107 214Q132 214 148 197T164 157Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2609.9,0)"><path data-c="3A" d="M78 370Q78 394 95 412T138 430Q162 430 180 414T199 371Q199 346 182 328T139 310T96 327T78 370ZM78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="4.539ex" height="1.92ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 2006.3 848.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z" transform="translate(361,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1047,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="37" d="M55 458Q56 460 72 567L88 674Q88 676 108 676H128V672Q128 662 143 655T195 646T364 644H485V605L417 512Q408 500 387 472T360 435T339 403T319 367T305 330T292 284T284 230T278 162T275 80Q275 66 275 52T274 28V19Q270 2 255 -10T221 -22Q210 -22 200 -19T179 0T168 40Q168 198 265 368Q285 400 349 489L395 552H302Q128 552 119 546Q113 543 108 522T98 479L95 458V455H55V458Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1728.3,0)"><path data-c="3A" d="M78 370Q78 394 95 412T138 430Q162 430 180 414T199 371Q199 346 182 328T139 310T96 327T78 370ZM78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> 2. Write formulas for the following molecular compounds:<br /> carbon tetrachloride: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> dichlorine monoxide: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="summary-of-naming-binary-compounds" class="section-title"> SUMMARY OF NAMING BINARY COMPOUNDS</h2> <div><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-11.jpg?height=1531&width=1612&top_left_y=474&top_left_x=251" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="polyatomic-ions" class="section-title"> POLYATOMIC IONS</h2> <ul> <li>Some ionic compounds contain polyatomic ions, an ion composed of several atoms bound together.</li> <li>Some common polyatomic ions are:</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="5.814ex" height="2.093ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 2569.7 925.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1533,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(1936.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(33,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">ammonium</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;" width="4.889ex" height="1.96ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -844.3 2161.1 866.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1561,432.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">hydroxide</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="5.877ex" height="2.129ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 2597.7 940.8"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 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175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(1964.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(33,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">nitrate</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.048ex;" width="4.763ex" height="1.958ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -844.3 2105.1 865.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1505,432.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">cyanide</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="6.238ex" height="2.226ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.9 2757.2 983.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(556,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1367,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 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250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">sulfate</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="9.486ex" height="2.129ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 4192.8 940.8"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 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70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(2345.1,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 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width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">acetate</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="6.521ex" height="2.224ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.2 2882.2 983.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 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data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">phosphate</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="7.511ex" height="2.129ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 3319.7 940.8"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 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<td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">carbonate</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right: none !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="6.443ex" height="2.129ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 2847.7 940.8"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 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border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">potassium nitrate</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1+ 1<span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.646ex;" width="9.851ex" height="2.342ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 4354.1 1035.4"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g 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93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">sodium sulfate</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1+ 2Na ? <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;" width="5.766ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 2548.6 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(556,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1367,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" 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style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="7.822ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3457.1 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 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transform="translate(1686.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 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middle; ">copper(II) nitrate</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2+ 1Cu ? <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;" width="6.205ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 2742.6 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(389,0)"><g 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?</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.646ex;" width="10.084ex" height="2.342ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 4457.1 1035.4"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 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data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2775.6,-285.4) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A-5" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <ol> <li>Write formulas for the following polyatomic compounds:<br /> sodium carbonate: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> ammonium sulfide: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> magnesium bicarbonate: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> </ol> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="polyatomic-ions-2" class="section-title"> POLYATOMIC IONS</h2> <ul> <li>Polyatomic ionic compounds are named by naming the cation first, followed by the polyatomic ion.</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="8.104ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3582.1 870.6"><g 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406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1283,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 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data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1492,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">sodium phosphate</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="6.87ex" 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637 251 636T232 628Q229 624 229 499V374H312L396 375L406 377Q410 378 417 380T442 393T474 417T499 456T511 513ZM537 188Q537 239 509 282T430 336L329 337H229V200V116Q229 57 234 52Q240 47 334 47H383Q425 47 443 53Q486 67 511 104T537 188Z"></path><path data-c="72" d="M36 46H50Q89 46 97 60V68Q97 77 97 91T98 122T98 161T98 203Q98 234 98 269T98 328L97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 60 434T96 436Q112 437 131 438T160 441T171 442H174V373Q213 441 271 441H277Q322 441 343 419T364 373Q364 352 351 337T313 322Q288 322 276 338T263 372Q263 381 265 388T270 400T273 405Q271 407 250 401Q234 393 226 386Q179 341 179 207V154Q179 141 179 127T179 101T180 81T180 66V61Q181 59 183 57T188 54T193 51T200 49T207 48T216 47T225 47T235 46T245 46H276V0H267Q249 3 140 3Q37 3 28 0H20V46H36Z" transform="translate(708,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">ammonium bromide</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="7.336ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3242.6 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 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166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">copper (I) nitrate</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.646ex;" width="9.928ex" height="2.342ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 4388.1 1035.4"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1237,0)"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1533,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2325.6,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2747.6,-285.4) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">lead (IV) carbonate</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A-6" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <ol start="2"> <li>Name the following polyatomic compounds:<br /> <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;" width="9.411ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 4159.6 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="67" d="M329 409Q373 453 429 453Q459 453 472 434T485 396Q485 382 476 371T449 360Q416 360 412 390Q410 404 415 411Q415 412 416 414V415Q388 412 363 393Q355 388 355 386Q355 385 359 381T368 369T379 351T388 325T392 292Q392 230 343 187T222 143Q172 143 123 171Q112 153 112 133Q112 98 138 81Q147 75 155 75T227 73Q311 72 335 67Q396 58 431 26Q470 -13 470 -72Q470 -139 392 -175Q332 -206 250 -206Q167 -206 107 -175Q29 -140 29 -75Q29 -39 50 -15T92 18L103 24Q67 55 67 108Q67 155 96 193Q52 237 52 292Q52 355 102 398T223 442Q274 442 318 416L329 409ZM299 343Q294 371 273 387T221 404Q192 404 171 388T145 343Q142 326 142 292Q142 248 149 227T179 192Q196 182 222 182Q244 182 260 189T283 207T294 227T299 242Q302 258 302 292T299 343ZM403 -75Q403 -50 389 -34T348 -11T299 -2T245 0H218Q151 0 138 -6Q118 -15 107 -34T95 -74Q95 -84 101 -97T122 -127T170 -155T250 -167Q319 -167 361 -139T403 -75Z" transform="translate(917,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1417,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1806,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(3334,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(422,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> : <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> </ol> <div>NaCN: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.681ex;" width="10.223ex" height="2.378ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 4518.7 1050.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z"></path><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z" transform="translate(653,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1130,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1533.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(556,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1367,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2159.6,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2581.6,-285.4) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> : <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="naming-acids" class="section-title"> NAMING ACIDS</h2> <ul> <li>Acids are molecular compounds that form ions when dissolved in water.</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="naming-binary-acids%3A" class="section-title"> Naming Binary Acids:</h2> <ul> <li>Formulas are written similar to binary ionic compounds, assigning a +1 charge to hydrogen.</li> <li>When naming the acids, use hydro- prefix, followed by the name of the non-metal with an -ic ending, followed with the word acid.</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">HCl</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">hydrochloric acid</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.508ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 1992.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1186.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(250,0)"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">hydrosulfuric acid</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="naming-polyatomic-acids%3A" class="section-title"> Naming Polyatomic Acids:</h2> <ul> <li>Several polyatomic acids are important in the study of chemistry, and their names must be learned. These acids and the polyatomic ions that form from their ionization are listed below:</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Name</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Formula</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Polyatomic formed from ionization of acid</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Nitric acid</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="6.142ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2714.6 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 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60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="5.877ex" height="2.129ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 2597.7 940.8"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1561,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(1964.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(33,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>(nitrate)</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Sulfuric acid</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="6.69ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2957.1 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1186.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(556,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1367,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="6.238ex" height="2.226ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.9 2757.2 983.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(556,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1367,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(1770.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(33,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> (sulfate)</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Phosphoric acid</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="6.973ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3082.1 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" 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21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1186.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 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"><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="6.521ex" height="2.224ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.2 2882.2 983.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 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522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> (phosphate)</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Carbonic acid</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="7.066ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3123.1 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 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scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="6.614ex" height="2.261ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.9 2923.2 999.5"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 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573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(1936.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(33,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> (carbonate) <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="7.511ex" height="2.129ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 3319.7 940.8"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 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421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(2686.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(33,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>(bicarbonate)</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Acetic acid</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="9.75ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 4309.7 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" 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166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msubsup" transform="translate(2345.1,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,411.6) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-297.3) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>(acetate)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="electronegativity" class="section-title"> ELECTRONEGATIVITY</h2> <ul> <li>Electronegativity (E.N.) is the ability of an atom involved in a covalent bond to attract the bonding electrons to itself.</li> <li>Linus Pauling derived a relative Electronegativity Scale based on Bond Energies:<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-15.jpg?height=222&width=1339&top_left_y=683&top_left_x=339" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> </ul> <div>Least<br /> Electronegative<br /> Element</div> <div>Most<br /> Electronegative<br /> Element</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="electronegativities-of-the-elements" class="section-title"> Electronegativities of the Elements</h2> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><div class="inline-tabular sub-table"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">н</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.20</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; " colspan="15"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">He n.a.</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Li</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Be</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; " colspan="10" rowspan="4"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">B 2.04</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">C 2.55</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">N 3.04</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">F 3.98</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ne n.a.</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0.98</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.57</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0 3.44</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Na</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Mg</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Al</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Si</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">P</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">S</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Cl</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ar</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0.93</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.31</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.61</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.90</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.19</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.58</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3.16</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">n.a.</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">K</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ca</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Sc</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ti</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">V</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Fe</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Co</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ni</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Cu</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Zn</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.023ex;" width="3.31ex" height="1.6ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -697 1463 707"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path 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305T64 349ZM164 121Q164 89 186 67T238 45Q274 45 307 63T346 108L350 117V226H347Q248 218 206 189T164 121Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ge</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">As</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Se</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Br</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Kr</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0.82</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.36</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.54</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.63</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.83</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.88</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.91</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.90</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.65</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.81</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.01</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.18</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.55</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.96</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3.00</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Rb</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Sr</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Y</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Zr</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Nb</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Mo</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Tc</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ru</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Rh</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Pd</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ag</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Cd</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">In</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Sn</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Sb</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Te</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">I</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Xe</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0.82</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0.95</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.22</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.33</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.60</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.16</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.90</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.20</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.28</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.20</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.93</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.69</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.78</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.96</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.05</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.10</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.66</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.60</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Cs</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ba</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">La</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Hf</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ta</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">W</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Re</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Os</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ir</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Pt</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Au</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Hg</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Tl</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Pb</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Bi</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Po</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">At</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Rn</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0.79</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0.89</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.10</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.30</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.50</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.36</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.90</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Os</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.20</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.28</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.54</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.62</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.33</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.02</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.20</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">n.a.</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Fr 0.70</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ra 0.89</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ac 1.10</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Rf n.a.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Db n.a.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Sg n.a.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Bh n.a.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Hs n.a.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Mt n.a.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ds n.a.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Rg n.a.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Uub n.a</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">-</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Uuq n.a.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">-</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">-</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">-</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="bond-polarity-%5C%26-electronegativity" class="section-title"> BOND POLARITY & ELECTRONEGATIVITY</h2> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><div class="inline-tabular sub-table"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">The more different the</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">electronegativities of the</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">elements forming the bond</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><div class="inline-tabular sub-table"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">The larger the</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">electronegativity</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">difference ( <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="5.122ex" height="1.62ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 2264 716"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="394" d="M51 0Q46 4 46 7Q46 9 215 357T388 709Q391 716 416 716Q439 716 444 709Q447 705 616 357T786 7Q786 4 781 0H51ZM507 344L384 596L137 92L383 91H630Q630 93 507 344Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(833,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="45" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H597V676Q599 670 611 560T625 444V440H585V444Q584 447 582 465Q578 500 570 526T553 571T528 601T498 619T457 629T411 633T353 634Q266 634 251 633T233 622Q233 622 233 621Q232 619 232 497V376H286Q359 378 377 385Q413 401 416 469Q416 471 416 473V493H456V213H416V233Q415 268 408 288T383 317T349 328T297 330Q290 330 286 330H232V196V114Q232 57 237 52Q243 47 289 47H340H391Q428 47 452 50T505 62T552 92T584 146Q594 172 599 200T607 247T612 270V273H652V270Q651 267 632 137T610 3V0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z"></path><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> )</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.452ex;" width="25.792ex" height="2.149ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 11400 950"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="merror" data-mjx-error="Missing close brace"><rect data-background="true" width="11400" height="950" y="-200"></rect><g data-mml-node="mtext" style="font-family: serif;"><text data-variant="-explicitFont" transform="scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px">Missing close brace</text></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">The more</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">polar the</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">bond formed</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.452ex;" width="52.941ex" height="2.149ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 23400 950"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="merror" data-mjx-error="Extra close brace or missing open brace"><rect data-background="true" width="23400" height="950" y="-200"></rect><g data-mml-node="mtext" style="font-family: serif;"><text data-variant="-explicitFont" transform="scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px">Extra close brace or missing open brace</text></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>CONCLUSION: Polarity is a measure of the inequality in the sharing of bonding electrons.</div> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Electronegativity Difference Between the Bonding Atoms</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Bond Type</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Zero</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Covalent</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">↓</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">↓</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Intermediate</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Polar covalent</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">↓</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">↓</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Large</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ionic</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="2.167ex" height="1.579ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -698 958 698"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D6AB" d="M901 12Q901 7 892 0H479Q65 0 62 2Q56 6 56 11Q56 14 242 347T433 685Q438 694 450 696Q454 698 480 698H506L523 687Q526 683 711 354T899 17Q901 13 901 12ZM653 137L427 538L202 137L315 136H540L653 137Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> EN</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Bond Type</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">NON-POLAR COVALENT</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.09ex;" width="6.033ex" height="1.71ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 2666.6 756"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(777.8,0)"><path data-c="3C" d="M694 -11T694 -19T688 -33T678 -40Q671 -40 524 29T234 166L90 235Q83 240 83 250Q83 261 91 266Q664 540 678 540Q681 540 687 534T694 519T687 505Q686 504 417 376L151 250L417 124Q686 -4 687 -5Q694 -11 694 -19Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1833.6,0)"><path data-c="394" d="M51 0Q46 4 46 7Q46 9 215 357T388 709Q391 716 416 716Q439 716 444 709Q447 705 616 357T786 7Q786 4 781 0H51ZM507 344L384 596L137 92L383 91H630Q630 93 507 344Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> EN <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.09ex;" width="5.28ex" height="1.62ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -676 2333.8 716"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="3C" d="M694 -11T694 -19T688 -33T678 -40Q671 -40 524 29T234 166L90 235Q83 240 83 250Q83 261 91 266Q664 540 678 540Q681 540 687 534T694 519T687 505Q686 504 417 376L151 250L417 124Q686 -4 687 -5Q694 -11 694 -19Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(1055.8,0)"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path><path data-c="2E" d="M78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path><path data-c="37" d="M55 458Q56 460 72 567L88 674Q88 676 108 676H128V672Q128 662 143 655T195 646T364 644H485V605L417 512Q408 500 387 472T360 435T339 403T319 367T305 330T292 284T284 230T278 162T275 80Q275 66 275 52T274 28V19Q270 2 255 -10T221 -22Q210 -22 200 -19T179 0T168 40Q168 198 265 368Q285 400 349 489L395 552H302Q128 552 119 546Q113 543 108 522T98 479L95 458V455H55V458Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">POLAR COVALENT</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.09ex;" width="7.793ex" height="1.71ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 3444.6 756"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path><path data-c="2E" d="M78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path><path data-c="37" d="M55 458Q56 460 72 567L88 674Q88 676 108 676H128V672Q128 662 143 655T195 646T364 644H485V605L417 512Q408 500 387 472T360 435T339 403T319 367T305 330T292 284T284 230T278 162T275 80Q275 66 275 52T274 28V19Q270 2 255 -10T221 -22Q210 -22 200 -19T179 0T168 40Q168 198 265 368Q285 400 349 489L395 552H302Q128 552 119 546Q113 543 108 522T98 479L95 458V455H55V458Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1555.8,0)"><path data-c="3C" d="M694 -11T694 -19T688 -33T678 -40Q671 -40 524 29T234 166L90 235Q83 240 83 250Q83 261 91 266Q664 540 678 540Q681 540 687 534T694 519T687 505Q686 504 417 376L151 250L417 124Q686 -4 687 -5Q694 -11 694 -19Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(2611.6,0)"><path data-c="394" d="M51 0Q46 4 46 7Q46 9 215 357T388 709Q391 716 416 716Q439 716 444 709Q447 705 616 357T786 7Q786 4 781 0H51ZM507 344L384 596L137 92L383 91H630Q630 93 507 344Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> EN</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">IONIC</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A-7" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <div>Classify each of the bonds below as ionic, polar covalent or non-polar covalent:</div> <ol> <li>Hydrogen molecule</li> </ol> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="6.159ex" height="1.731ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 2722.4 765"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(972.2,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1972.4,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>E.N. <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="19.578ex" height="1.805ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 8653.6 798"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path><path data-c="2E" d="M78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z" transform="translate(1278,0)"></path><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z" transform="translate(1778,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(2278,0)"><path data-c="2E" d="M78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z"></path><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z" transform="translate(278,0)"></path><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mstyle" transform="translate(3556,0)"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(4556,0)"><path data-c="394" d="M51 0Q46 4 46 7Q46 9 215 357T388 709Q391 716 416 716Q439 716 444 709Q447 705 616 357T786 7Q786 4 781 0H51ZM507 344L384 596L137 92L383 91H630Q630 93 507 344Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(5389,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="45" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H597V676Q599 670 611 560T625 444V440H585V444Q584 447 582 465Q578 500 570 526T553 571T528 601T498 619T457 629T411 633T353 634Q266 634 251 633T233 622Q233 622 233 621Q232 619 232 497V376H286Q359 378 377 385Q413 401 416 469Q416 471 416 473V493H456V213H416V233Q415 268 408 288T383 317T349 328T297 330Q290 330 286 330H232V196V114Q232 57 237 52Q243 47 289 47H340H391Q428 47 452 50T505 62T552 92T584 146Q594 172 599 200T607 247T612 270V273H652V270Q651 267 632 137T610 3V0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z"></path><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(7097.8,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(8153.6,0)"><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> Bond is non-polar covalent</div> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="8.797ex" height="1.808ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -717 3888.4 799"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D6FF" d="M195 609Q195 656 227 686T302 717Q319 716 351 709T407 697T433 690Q451 682 451 662Q451 644 438 628T403 612Q382 612 348 641T288 671T249 657T235 628Q235 584 334 463Q401 379 401 292Q401 169 340 80T205 -10H198Q127 -10 83 36T36 153Q36 286 151 382Q191 413 252 434Q252 435 245 449T230 481T214 521T201 566T195 609ZM112 130Q112 83 136 55T204 27Q233 27 256 51T291 111T309 178T316 232Q316 267 309 298T295 344T269 400L259 396Q215 381 183 342T137 256T118 179T112 130Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(666.2,0)"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mstyle" transform="translate(1444.2,0)"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(2666.4,0)"><path data-c="1D6FF" d="M195 609Q195 656 227 686T302 717Q319 716 351 709T407 697T433 690Q451 682 451 662Q451 644 438 628T403 612Q382 612 348 641T288 671T249 657T235 628Q235 584 334 463Q401 379 401 292Q401 169 340 80T205 -10H198Q127 -10 83 36T36 153Q36 286 151 382Q191 413 252 434Q252 435 245 449T230 481T214 521T201 566T195 609ZM112 130Q112 83 136 55T204 27Q233 27 256 51T291 111T309 178T316 232Q316 267 309 298T295 344T269 400L259 396Q215 381 183 342T137 256T118 179T112 130Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3110.4,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <ol start="2"> <li>Hydrogen chloride</li> </ol> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="6.725ex" height="1.781ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2972.4 787"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(972.2,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1972.4,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>E.N. 2.203 .16 <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="12.162ex" height="1.805ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 5375.6 798"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="394" d="M51 0Q46 4 46 7Q46 9 215 357T388 709Q391 716 416 716Q439 716 444 709Q447 705 616 357T786 7Q786 4 781 0H51ZM507 344L384 596L137 92L383 91H630Q630 93 507 344Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(833,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="45" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H597V676Q599 670 611 560T625 444V440H585V444Q584 447 582 465Q578 500 570 526T553 571T528 601T498 619T457 629T411 633T353 634Q266 634 251 633T233 622Q233 622 233 621Q232 619 232 497V376H286Q359 378 377 385Q413 401 416 469Q416 471 416 473V493H456V213H416V233Q415 268 408 288T383 317T349 328T297 330Q290 330 286 330H232V196V114Q232 57 237 52Q243 47 289 47H340H391Q428 47 452 50T505 62T552 92T584 146Q594 172 599 200T607 247T612 270V273H652V270Q651 267 632 137T610 3V0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z"></path><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2541.8,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(3597.6,0)"><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z"></path><path data-c="2E" d="M78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path><path data-c="39" d="M352 287Q304 211 232 211Q154 211 104 270T44 396Q42 412 42 436V444Q42 537 111 606Q171 666 243 666Q245 666 249 666T257 665H261Q273 665 286 663T323 651T370 619T413 560Q456 472 456 334Q456 194 396 97Q361 41 312 10T208 -22Q147 -22 108 7T68 93T121 149Q143 149 158 135T173 96Q173 78 164 65T148 49T135 44L131 43Q131 41 138 37T164 27T206 22H212Q272 22 313 86Q352 142 352 280V287ZM244 248Q292 248 321 297T351 430Q351 508 343 542Q341 552 337 562T323 588T293 615T246 625Q208 625 181 598Q160 576 154 546T147 441Q147 358 152 329T172 282Q197 248 244 248Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path><path data-c="36" d="M42 313Q42 476 123 571T303 666Q372 666 402 630T432 550Q432 525 418 510T379 495Q356 495 341 509T326 548Q326 592 373 601Q351 623 311 626Q240 626 194 566Q147 500 147 364L148 360Q153 366 156 373Q197 433 263 433H267Q313 433 348 414Q372 400 396 374T435 317Q456 268 456 210V192Q456 169 451 149Q440 90 387 34T253 -22Q225 -22 199 -14T143 16T92 75T56 172T42 313ZM257 397Q227 397 205 380T171 335T154 278T148 216Q148 133 160 97T198 39Q222 21 251 21Q302 21 329 59Q342 77 347 104T352 209Q352 289 347 316T329 361Q302 397 257 397Z" transform="translate(1278,0)"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> Bond is polar covalent<br /> 3. Sodium chloride</div> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" width="4.26ex" height="1.885ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -822.3 1883.1 833.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1283,410.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.048ex;" width="3.695ex" height="1.958ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -844.3 1633.1 865.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1033,432.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">E.N.</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0.93</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3.16</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: center; border-right: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Bond is ionic</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="14.424ex" height="1.805ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 6375.6 798"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="394" d="M51 0Q46 4 46 7Q46 9 215 357T388 709Q391 716 416 716Q439 716 444 709Q447 705 616 357T786 7Q786 4 781 0H51ZM507 344L384 596L137 92L383 91H630Q630 93 507 344Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1833,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="45" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H597V676Q599 670 611 560T625 444V440H585V444Q584 447 582 465Q578 500 570 526T553 571T528 601T498 619T457 629T411 633T353 634Q266 634 251 633T233 622Q233 622 233 621Q232 619 232 497V376H286Q359 378 377 385Q413 401 416 469Q416 471 416 473V493H456V213H416V233Q415 268 408 288T383 317T349 328T297 330Q290 330 286 330H232V196V114Q232 57 237 52Q243 47 289 47H340H391Q428 47 452 50T505 62T552 92T584 146Q594 172 599 200T607 247T612 270V273H652V270Q651 267 632 137T610 3V0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z"></path><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3541.8,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(4597.6,0)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path><path data-c="2E" d="M78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z" transform="translate(1278,0)"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="summary-of-bonding" class="section-title"> SUMMARY OF BONDING</h2> <div><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-17.jpg?height=918&width=1032&top_left_y=453&top_left_x=597" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div> <div class="table" number="1"> <div class="caption_table">COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF IONIC & COVALENT COMPOUNDS</div><div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ionic</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Covalent</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Structural Unit</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Ions</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Atoms or Molecules</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Attractive Force</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Strong</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Moderate to Strong</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Melting point</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">High</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Generally low</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Boiling point</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">High</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Generally low</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Solubility in Water</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">High</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Low or None</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Hardness</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Hard & brittle</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Soft to very hard</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Electrical Conductivity</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Low (solid) High (sol'n)</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">None</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Examples</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">AgBr NaCl</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="7.129ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3151.1 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1186.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(2373.1,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> </div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="lewis-structures" class="section-title"> LEWIS STRUCTURES</h2> <ul> <li>Lewis structures use Lewis symbols to show valence electrons in molecules and ions of compounds.</li> </ul> <div class="table" number="2"> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1A</td> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; " colspan="6"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">8A</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">H•</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">4A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">6A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">7A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">He:</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Li•</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">-Be-</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">-B.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">- ̣̇c-</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">-N.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">:Ọ.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">F.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">:Nave:</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Na-</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.466ex;" width="4.464ex" height="2.011ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1973 889"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="22C5" d="M78 250Q78 274 95 292T138 310Q162 310 180 294T199 251Q199 226 182 208T139 190T96 207T78 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(278,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="67" d="M329 409Q373 453 429 453Q459 453 472 434T485 396Q485 382 476 371T449 360Q416 360 412 390Q410 404 415 411Q415 412 416 414V415Q388 412 363 393Q355 388 355 386Q355 385 359 381T368 369T379 351T388 325T392 292Q392 230 343 187T222 143Q172 143 123 171Q112 153 112 133Q112 98 138 81Q147 75 155 75T227 73Q311 72 335 67Q396 58 431 26Q470 -13 470 -72Q470 -139 392 -175Q332 -206 250 -206Q167 -206 107 -175Q29 -140 29 -75Q29 -39 50 -15T92 18L103 24Q67 55 67 108Q67 155 96 193Q52 237 52 292Q52 355 102 398T223 442Q274 442 318 416L329 409ZM299 343Q294 371 273 387T221 404Q192 404 171 388T145 343Q142 326 142 292Q142 248 149 227T179 192Q196 182 222 182Q244 182 260 189T283 207T294 227T299 242Q302 258 302 292T299 343ZM403 -75Q403 -50 389 -34T348 -11T299 -2T245 0H218Q151 0 138 -6Q118 -15 107 -34T95 -74Q95 -84 101 -97T122 -127T170 -155T250 -167Q319 -167 361 -139T403 -75Z" transform="translate(917,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1695,0)"><path data-c="22C5" d="M78 250Q78 274 95 292T138 310Q162 310 180 294T199 251Q199 226 182 208T139 190T96 207T78 250Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">-Ål-</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">-Şi-</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">.P̧.</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">:</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">:Ộl-</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">:Ạr:</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <div class="caption_table">Lewis symbols for the first 3 periods of Representative Elements</div></div> <ul> <li>In a Lewis structure, a shared electron pair is indicated by two dots between the atoms, or by a dash connecting them.<br /> <div class="smiles-inline" style="display: inline-block;"><svg id="smiles-mjrsvjxjqeugez2cuf9" viewbox="0 0 112 56.099999999999994" style="width: 112.19999999999999px; height: 56.099999999999994px; overflow: visible;"><defs></defs><mask id="text-mask-mjrsvjxjqeugez2cuf9"><rect x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" fill="white"></rect><circle cx="56.099999999999994" cy="28.049999999999997" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle></mask><style>/*<![CDATA[*/ .element-mjrsvjxjqeugez2cuf9 { font: 18.7px Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; 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"></text></g></svg></div><br /> understanding of the number of bonds normally formed by common nonmetals.</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">4A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5A</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; 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border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">4 bonds</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3 bonds</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2 bonds</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1 bond</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0 bonds</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-18.jpg?height=124&width=126&top_left_y=2142&top_left_x=636" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-18.jpg?height=91&width=129&top_left_y=2175&top_left_x=819" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-18.jpg?height=91&width=96&top_left_y=2175&top_left_x=1037" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">:</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">:Noe:</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="lewis-structures-2" class="section-title"> LEWIS STRUCTURES</h2> <ul> <li>Covalent structures are best represented with electron-dot symbols or Lewis structures. Structures must satisfy octet rule (except hydrogen).<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-19.jpg?height=177&width=407&top_left_y=552&top_left_x=455" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> </ul> <div class="table" number="6"> <div class="figure_img" style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-19.jpg?height=167&width=171&top_left_y=545&top_left_x=1224" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;" /></div><div class="caption_figure">covalent bond</div></div> <div><div class="smiles-inline" style="display: inline-block;"><svg id="smiles-mjrsvjxpoq24upetv7l" viewbox="0 0 222 77.13757359077603" style="width: 221.51404243011365px; height: 77.13757359077603px; overflow: visible;"><defs><lineargradient id="line-mjrsvjxpoq24upetv7l-1" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="128.976037728444" y1="28.05004906052055" x2="165.41404243011365" y2="49.087573590776046"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsvjxpoq24upetv7l-3" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="92.53800470166962" y1="49.08752453025549" x2="128.976037728444" y2="28.05004906052055"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsvjxpoq24upetv7l-5" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="56.099999999999994" y1="28.049999999999997" x2="92.53800470166962" y2="49.08752453025549"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient></defs><mask id="text-mask-mjrsvjxpoq24upetv7l"><rect x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" fill="white"></rect><circle cx="165.41404243011365" cy="49.087573590776046" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle><circle cx="92.53800470166962" cy="49.08752453025549" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle><circle cx="56.099999999999994" cy="28.049999999999997" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle></mask><style>/*<![CDATA[*/ .element-mjrsvjxpoq24upetv7l { font: 18.7px Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; 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"></text></g></svg></div></div> <ul> <li>More complex Lewis structures can be drawn according to the following steps:</li> </ul> <ol> <li>Count the total number of valence electrons to be used in the structure. For ions, add one electron for each negative charge, and subtract one electron for each positive charge.</li> <li>Write a skeleton structure, arranging the atoms in the most symmetrical pattern. Remember the number of bonds commonly formed by atoms.</li> <li>Connect each atom by a dashed line representing 2 electrons each.</li> <li>Determine the number of electrons left by subtracting number of electrons used from the total determined in step 1 .</li> <li>Distribute the remaining electrons around the atoms in pairs in order to achieve eight electrons around each (octet rule). Hydrogen is an exception (doublet).</li> <li>If there are not enough electrons to achieve octet rule for each atom, form double or triple bonds by sharing more than one pair of electrons.</li> </ol> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="lewis-structures-3" class="section-title"> LEWIS STRUCTURES</h2> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A-8" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <ol> <li>water <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;" width="6.205ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 2742.6 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1575.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2353.6,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> <li>carbon dioxide ( <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.381ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 1936.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1533,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> )</li> <li>carbonate ion ( <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="6.614ex" height="2.261ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.9 2923.2 999.5"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1533,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(1936.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(33,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> )</li> <li>ammonia <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;" width="6.142ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 2714.6 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1533,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2325.6,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> <li>chlorate ion <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;" width="8.203ex" height="2.32ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 3625.7 1025.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(1000,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(2603.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(33,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3236.7,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> </ol> <div>Total number of electrons: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>Total number of electrons: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>Total number of electrons: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>Total number of electrons: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>Total number of electrons: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="evaluating-lewis-structures" class="section-title"> EVALUATING LEWIS STRUCTURES</h2> <ul> <li>When evaluating Lewis structures for correctness, two points must be considered:</li> </ul> <ol> <li>Are the correct number of electrons present in the structure?</li> <li>Is octet rule satisfied for all elements? (Hydrogen is an exception)</li> </ol> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A-9" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <div>Determine if each of the following Lewis structures are correct or incorrect. If incorrect, rewrite the correct structure.</div> <ol> <li><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="6.078ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2686.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1186.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <div class="smiles-inline" style="display: inline-block;"><svg id="smiles-mjrsvjxs0cp0inrl59jb" viewbox="0 0 154 56.1000377668063" style="width: 154.27499999998304px; height: 56.1000377668063px; overflow: visible;"><defs><lineargradient id="line-mjrsvjxs0cp0inrl59jb-1" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="56.100004532016754" y1="23.001000000002033" x2="98.1750045319998" y2="23.00103776680834"><stop stop-color="currentColor" 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613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1186.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-21.jpg?height=149&width=382&top_left_y=1564&top_left_x=1112" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> </ol> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="molecular-shapes" class="section-title"> MOLECULAR SHAPES</h2> <ul> <li>The three-dimensional shape of the molecules is an important feature in understanding their properties and interactions.</li> <li>All binary molecules have a linear shape since they only contain two atoms.</li> <li>More complex molecules can have various shapes (linear, bent, etc.) and need to be predicted based on their Lewis structures.</li> <li>A very simple model, VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory, has been developed by chemists to predict the shape of large molecules based on their Lewis structures.</li> <li>Based on VSEPR, the electron pair groups in a molecule will repel one another and seek to minimize their repulsion by arranging themselves around the central atom as far apart as possible.</li> <li>Electron pair groups can be defined as any one of the following: bonding pairs, non-bonding pairs and multiple bonds.</li> <li>A summary of VSEPR predictions are listed below:</li> </ul> <div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom: none !important; border-top: none !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; " colspan="2">Number of electron pair groups around central atom</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Molecular Shape</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Bond Angle</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Examples</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Notation</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">0</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Linear</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">180</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.381ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 1936.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 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241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.381ex" height="1.959ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 1936.6 866"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g 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48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Pyramidal</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">109.5</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="4.381ex" height="1.92ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1936.6 848.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g 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border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="5.922ex" height="1.994ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 2617.6 881.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="41" d="M255 0Q240 3 140 3Q48 3 39 0H32V46H47Q119 49 139 88Q140 91 192 245T295 553T348 708Q351 716 366 716H376Q396 715 400 709Q402 707 508 390L617 67Q624 54 636 51T687 46H717V0H708Q699 3 581 3Q458 3 437 0H427V46H440Q510 46 510 64Q510 66 486 138L462 209H229L209 150Q189 91 189 85Q189 72 209 59T259 46H264V0H255ZM447 255L345 557L244 256Q244 255 345 255H447Z"></path><path data-c="58" d="M270 0Q252 3 141 3Q46 3 31 0H23V46H40Q129 50 161 88Q165 94 244 216T324 339Q324 341 235 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270V273H652V270Q651 267 632 137T610 3V0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Bent</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">109.5</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.445ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 1964.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 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388 412 387Q412 385 514 225T620 62Q628 53 642 50T695 46H726V0H717Q699 3 591 3Q466 3 445 0H434V46H440Q454 46 476 51T499 64Q499 67 463 124T390 238L353 295L350 292Q348 290 343 283T331 265T312 236T286 195Q219 88 218 84Q218 70 234 59T272 46H280V0H270Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1533,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1936.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" 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81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> <div><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="4.085ex" height="1.805ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 1805.8 798"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="41" d="M255 0Q240 3 140 3Q48 3 39 0H32V46H47Q119 49 139 88Q140 91 192 245T295 553T348 708Q351 716 366 716H376Q396 715 400 709Q402 707 508 390L617 67Q624 54 636 51T687 46H717V0H708Q699 3 581 3Q458 3 437 0H427V46H440Q510 46 510 64Q510 66 486 138L462 209H229L209 150Q189 91 189 85Q189 72 209 59T259 46H264V0H255ZM447 255L345 557L244 256Q244 255 345 255H447Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1027.8,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> central atom <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="6.348ex" height="1.731ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 2805.8 765"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="58" d="M270 0Q252 3 141 3Q46 3 31 0H23V46H40Q129 50 161 88Q165 94 244 216T324 339Q324 341 235 480T143 622Q133 631 119 634T57 637H37V683H46Q64 680 172 680Q297 680 318 683H329V637H324Q307 637 286 632T263 621Q263 618 322 525T384 431Q385 431 437 511T489 593Q490 595 490 599Q490 611 477 622T436 637H428V683H437Q455 680 566 680Q661 680 676 683H684V637H667Q585 634 551 599Q548 596 478 491Q412 388 412 387Q412 385 514 225T620 62Q628 53 642 50T695 46H726V0H717Q699 3 591 3Q466 3 445 0H434V46H440Q454 46 476 51T499 64Q499 67 463 124T390 238L353 295L350 292Q348 290 343 283T331 265T312 236T286 195Q219 88 218 84Q218 70 234 59T272 46H280V0H270Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2027.8,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> bonding electron pairs <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" width="6.192ex" height="1.724ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -680 2736.8 762"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="45" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H597V676Q599 670 611 560T625 444V440H585V444Q584 447 582 465Q578 500 570 526T553 571T528 601T498 619T457 629T411 633T353 634Q266 634 251 633T233 622Q233 622 233 621Q232 619 232 497V376H286Q359 378 377 385Q413 401 416 469Q416 471 416 473V493H456V213H416V233Q415 268 408 288T383 317T349 328T297 330Q290 330 286 330H232V196V114Q232 57 237 52Q243 47 289 47H340H391Q428 47 452 50T505 62T552 92T584 146Q594 172 599 200T607 247T612 270V273H652V270Q651 267 632 137T610 3V0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1958.8,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> non-bonding electron pairs</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="molecular-shapes-2" class="section-title"> MOLECULAR SHAPES</h2> <ul> <li>Examples of various shapes are shown below.</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="linear-%5C(%5Cleft(%5Cmathbf%7Ba-x%7D_%7B%5Cmathbf%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright)%5C)-%3A" class="section-title"> Linear <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;" width="6.8ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 3005.6 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D400" d="M296 0Q278 3 164 3Q58 3 49 0H40V62H92Q144 62 144 64Q388 682 397 689Q403 698 434 698Q463 698 471 689Q475 686 538 530T663 218L724 64Q724 62 776 62H828V0H817Q796 3 658 3Q509 3 485 0H472V62H517Q561 62 561 63L517 175H262L240 120Q218 65 217 64Q217 62 261 62H306V0H296ZM390 237L492 238L440 365Q390 491 388 491Q287 239 287 237H390Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(869,0)"><path data-c="1D417" d="M327 0Q306 3 174 3Q52 3 43 0H33V62H98L162 63L360 333L157 624H48V686H59Q80 683 217 683Q368 683 395 686H408V624H335L393 540L452 458L573 623Q573 624 528 624H483V686H494Q515 683 646 683Q769 683 778 686H787V624H658L575 511Q493 398 493 397L508 376Q522 356 553 312T611 229L727 62H835V0H824Q803 3 667 3Q516 3 489 0H476V62H513L549 63L401 274L247 63Q247 62 292 62H338V0H327Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1771,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D0" d="M175 580Q175 578 185 572T205 551T215 510Q215 467 191 449T137 430Q107 430 83 448T58 511Q58 558 91 592T168 640T259 654Q328 654 383 637Q451 610 484 563T517 459Q517 401 482 360T368 262Q340 243 265 184L210 140H274Q416 140 429 145Q439 148 447 186T455 237H517V233Q516 230 501 119Q489 9 486 4V0H57V25Q57 51 58 54Q60 57 109 106T215 214T288 291Q364 377 364 458Q364 515 328 553T231 592Q214 592 201 589T181 584T175 580Z"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2616.6,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> :</h2> <div>Bond angle: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-23.jpg?height=67&width=220&top_left_y=511&top_left_x=1299" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div> <div>Polarity: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> Exceptions:</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="trigonal-planar-(-%5C(%5Cmathbf%7Ba-x%7D_%7B%5Cmathbf%7B3%7D%7D%5C)-)%3A" class="section-title"> Trigonal Planar ( <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.357ex;" width="5.04ex" height="1.936ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -698 2227.6 855.8"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D400" d="M296 0Q278 3 164 3Q58 3 49 0H40V62H92Q144 62 144 64Q388 682 397 689Q403 698 434 698Q463 698 471 689Q475 686 538 530T663 218L724 64Q724 62 776 62H828V0H817Q796 3 658 3Q509 3 485 0H472V62H517Q561 62 561 63L517 175H262L240 120Q218 65 217 64Q217 62 261 62H306V0H296ZM390 237L492 238L440 365Q390 491 388 491Q287 239 287 237H390Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(869,0)"><path data-c="1D417" d="M327 0Q306 3 174 3Q52 3 43 0H33V62H98L162 63L360 333L157 624H48V686H59Q80 683 217 683Q368 683 395 686H408V624H335L393 540L452 458L573 623Q573 624 528 624H483V686H494Q515 683 646 683Q769 683 778 686H787V624H658L575 511Q493 398 493 397L508 376Q522 356 553 312T611 229L727 62H835V0H824Q803 3 667 3Q516 3 489 0H476V62H513L549 63L401 274L247 63Q247 62 292 62H338V0H327Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1771,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D1" d="M80 503Q80 565 133 610T274 655Q366 655 421 623T491 538Q493 528 493 510Q493 446 453 407T361 348L376 344Q452 324 489 281T526 184Q526 152 514 121T474 58T392 8T265 -11Q175 -11 111 34T48 152Q50 187 72 209T132 232Q171 232 193 208T216 147Q216 136 214 126T207 108T197 94T187 84T178 77T170 72L168 71Q168 70 179 65T215 54T266 48H270Q331 48 350 105Q358 128 358 185Q358 239 348 268T309 313Q292 321 242 322Q205 322 198 324T191 341V348Q191 366 196 369T232 375Q239 375 247 376T260 377T268 378Q284 383 297 393T326 436T341 517Q341 536 339 547T331 573T308 593T266 600Q248 600 241 599Q214 593 183 576Q234 556 234 503Q234 462 210 444T157 426Q126 426 103 446T80 503Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> ):</h2> <div>Bond angle: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> Polarity: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-23.jpg?height=216&width=239&top_left_y=966&top_left_x=1366" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div> <div>Exceptions:</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="bent-(ax2e)%3A" class="section-title"> Bent (AX2E):</h2> <div>Bond angle: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-23.jpg?height=123&width=231&top_left_y=1478&top_left_x=1366" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div> <div>Polarity: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> Exceptions:</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="tetrahedral-(-%5C(%5Cmathbf%7Ba-x%7D_%7B%5Cmathbf%7B4%7D%7D%5C)-)%3A" class="section-title"> Tetrahedral ( <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="5.04ex" height="1.919ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -698 2227.6 848"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D400" d="M296 0Q278 3 164 3Q58 3 49 0H40V62H92Q144 62 144 64Q388 682 397 689Q403 698 434 698Q463 698 471 689Q475 686 538 530T663 218L724 64Q724 62 776 62H828V0H817Q796 3 658 3Q509 3 485 0H472V62H517Q561 62 561 63L517 175H262L240 120Q218 65 217 64Q217 62 261 62H306V0H296ZM390 237L492 238L440 365Q390 491 388 491Q287 239 287 237H390Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(869,0)"><path data-c="1D417" d="M327 0Q306 3 174 3Q52 3 43 0H33V62H98L162 63L360 333L157 624H48V686H59Q80 683 217 683Q368 683 395 686H408V624H335L393 540L452 458L573 623Q573 624 528 624H483V686H494Q515 683 646 683Q769 683 778 686H787V624H658L575 511Q493 398 493 397L508 376Q522 356 553 312T611 229L727 62H835V0H824Q803 3 667 3Q516 3 489 0H476V62H513L549 63L401 274L247 63Q247 62 292 62H338V0H327Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1771,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D2" d="M531 0Q510 3 381 3Q238 3 214 0H201V62H313V155H32V217L205 434Q342 606 362 630T387 655L391 656Q395 656 401 656T414 656H427Q447 656 451 645Q453 641 453 429V217H542V155H453V62H542V0H531ZM324 217V494L103 218L213 217H324Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> ):</h2> <div>Bond angle: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> Polarity: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> Exceptions:<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-23.jpg?height=281&width=239&top_left_y=1894&top_left_x=1379" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="molecular-shapes-3" class="section-title"> MOLECULAR SHAPES</h2> <div>Pyramidal ( <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.357ex;" width="6.75ex" height="1.936ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -698 2983.6 855.8"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D400" d="M296 0Q278 3 164 3Q58 3 49 0H40V62H92Q144 62 144 64Q388 682 397 689Q403 698 434 698Q463 698 471 689Q475 686 538 530T663 218L724 64Q724 62 776 62H828V0H817Q796 3 658 3Q509 3 485 0H472V62H517Q561 62 561 63L517 175H262L240 120Q218 65 217 64Q217 62 261 62H306V0H296ZM390 237L492 238L440 365Q390 491 388 491Q287 239 287 237H390Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(869,0)"><path data-c="1D417" d="M327 0Q306 3 174 3Q52 3 43 0H33V62H98L162 63L360 333L157 624H48V686H59Q80 683 217 683Q368 683 395 686H408V624H335L393 540L452 458L573 623Q573 624 528 624H483V686H494Q515 683 646 683Q769 683 778 686H787V624H658L575 511Q493 398 493 397L508 376Q522 356 553 312T611 229L727 62H835V0H824Q803 3 667 3Q516 3 489 0H476V62H513L549 63L401 274L247 63Q247 62 292 62H338V0H327Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1771,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D1" d="M80 503Q80 565 133 610T274 655Q366 655 421 623T491 538Q493 528 493 510Q493 446 453 407T361 348L376 344Q452 324 489 281T526 184Q526 152 514 121T474 58T392 8T265 -11Q175 -11 111 34T48 152Q50 187 72 209T132 232Q171 232 193 208T216 147Q216 136 214 126T207 108T197 94T187 84T178 77T170 72L168 71Q168 70 179 65T215 54T266 48H270Q331 48 350 105Q358 128 358 185Q358 239 348 268T309 313Q292 321 242 322Q205 322 198 324T191 341V348Q191 366 196 369T232 375Q239 375 247 376T260 377T268 378Q284 383 297 393T326 436T341 517Q341 536 339 547T331 573T308 593T266 600Q248 600 241 599Q214 593 183 576Q234 556 234 503Q234 462 210 444T157 426Q126 426 103 446T80 503Z"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(2227.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D404" d="M723 286Q721 284 700 145T677 3V0H39V62H147V618H39V680H660V676Q662 670 675 552T691 428V424H629V428Q629 429 627 448T618 494T601 541Q574 593 527 605T382 618H374H304V384H336Q338 384 347 384T361 384T376 386T392 390T407 397T421 407T432 423Q442 444 443 482V501H505V205H443V224Q442 258 435 278T411 307T380 318T336 322H304V62H375H394Q429 62 449 62T497 66T541 76T577 95T609 126T632 170T651 232Q661 287 661 289H723V286Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> ):<br /> Bond angle: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> Polarity: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-24.jpg?height=201&width=308&top_left_y=455&top_left_x=1362" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div> <div>Exceptions:</div> <div>Bent ( <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="7.858ex" height="1.919ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -698 3473.2 848"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D400" d="M296 0Q278 3 164 3Q58 3 49 0H40V62H92Q144 62 144 64Q388 682 397 689Q403 698 434 698Q463 698 471 689Q475 686 538 530T663 218L724 64Q724 62 776 62H828V0H817Q796 3 658 3Q509 3 485 0H472V62H517Q561 62 561 63L517 175H262L240 120Q218 65 217 64Q217 62 261 62H306V0H296ZM390 237L492 238L440 365Q390 491 388 491Q287 239 287 237H390Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(869,0)"><path data-c="1D417" d="M327 0Q306 3 174 3Q52 3 43 0H33V62H98L162 63L360 333L157 624H48V686H59Q80 683 217 683Q368 683 395 686H408V624H335L393 540L452 458L573 623Q573 624 528 624H483V686H494Q515 683 646 683Q769 683 778 686H787V624H658L575 511Q493 398 493 397L508 376Q522 356 553 312T611 229L727 62H835V0H824Q803 3 667 3Q516 3 489 0H476V62H513L549 63L401 274L247 63Q247 62 292 62H338V0H327Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1771,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D0" d="M175 580Q175 578 185 572T205 551T215 510Q215 467 191 449T137 430Q107 430 83 448T58 511Q58 558 91 592T168 640T259 654Q328 654 383 637Q451 610 484 563T517 459Q517 401 482 360T368 262Q340 243 265 184L210 140H274Q416 140 429 145Q439 148 447 186T455 237H517V233Q516 230 501 119Q489 9 486 4V0H57V25Q57 51 58 54Q60 57 109 106T215 214T288 291Q364 377 364 458Q364 515 328 553T231 592Q214 592 201 589T181 584T175 580Z"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(2227.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D404" d="M723 286Q721 284 700 145T677 3V0H39V62H147V618H39V680H660V676Q662 670 675 552T691 428V424H629V428Q629 429 627 448T618 494T601 541Q574 593 527 605T382 618H374H304V384H336Q338 384 347 384T361 384T376 386T392 390T407 397T421 407T432 423Q442 444 443 482V501H505V205H443V224Q442 258 435 278T411 307T380 318T336 322H304V62H375H394Q429 62 449 62T497 66T541 76T577 95T609 126T632 170T651 232Q661 287 661 289H723V286Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(789,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D0" d="M175 580Q175 578 185 572T205 551T215 510Q215 467 191 449T137 430Q107 430 83 448T58 511Q58 558 91 592T168 640T259 654Q328 654 383 637Q451 610 484 563T517 459Q517 401 482 360T368 262Q340 243 265 184L210 140H274Q416 140 429 145Q439 148 447 186T455 237H517V233Q516 230 501 119Q489 9 486 4V0H57V25Q57 51 58 54Q60 57 109 106T215 214T288 291Q364 377 364 458Q364 515 328 553T231 592Q214 592 201 589T181 584T175 580Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> ):<br /> Bond angle: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-24.jpg?height=126&width=231&top_left_y=876&top_left_x=1366" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div> <div>Polarity: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.14ex;" width="4.525ex" height="0.084ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 25 2000 37"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1000,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1500,0)"><path data-c="5F" d="M0 -62V-25H499V-62H0Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> Exceptions:</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="summary-of-shapes%3A" class="section-title"> Summary of Shapes:</h2> <ul> <li>Symmetrical shapes that have polar bonds, but are usually non-polar:</li> </ul> <div>Linear</div> <div>Trigonal planar<br /> Tetrahedral</div> <ul> <li>Unsymmetrical shapes that have polar bonds, but are always polar:</li> </ul> <div>Bent</div> <div>Pyramidal</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="attractove-forces-in-molecules" class="section-title"> ATTRACTOVE FORCES IN MOLECULES</h2> <ul> <li>Many differences in the properties of solids and liquids are associated with the attractive forces that keep their molecules together. These forces range from very strong to very weak and are responsible for the wide range of properties observed in these substances.</li> <li>Ionic solids have high melting points that are due to the strong nature of the ionic bond and the forces of attraction between the cation and the anion.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-25.jpg?height=183&width=257&top_left_y=756&top_left_x=704" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure><br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-25.jpg?height=42&width=184&top_left_y=756&top_left_x=1280" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> <li>Covalent molecules also contain attractive forces, but of a weaker nature than the ionic compounds. The forces between covalent molecules can be divided into three types:</li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="1.-dispersion-forces%3A" class="section-title"> 1. Dispersion Forces:</h2> <div>These forces exist between non-polar molecules, and are the weakest of the 3 types of covalent forces. These forces are caused by temporary shifts in distribution of electrons in a non-polar molecule that cause a temporary dipole.<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-25.jpg?height=178&width=961&top_left_y=1417&top_left_x=610" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="2.-dipole-dipole-attractions%3A" class="section-title"> 2. Dipole-Dipole Attractions:</h2> <div>These forces exist in polar molecules and are moderate strength. 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"></text></g></svg></div></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="3.-hydrogen-bonds%3A" class="section-title"> 3. Hydrogen Bonds:</h2> <div>These are the strongest of the 3 types of forces and are formed between molecules that have a hydrogen attached to the very electronegative elements (F, O and N).<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-25.jpg?height=132&width=280&top_left_y=2333&top_left_x=674" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure><br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-25.jpg?height=115&width=343&top_left_y=2320&top_left_x=1327" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="attractove-forces-in-molecules-2" class="section-title"> ATTRACTOVE FORCES IN MOLECULES</h2> <ul> <li>Hydrogen bonding in water is responsible for its many unique properties and behavior in the body. Two representations of this bonding is shown below:<br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-26.jpg?height=706&width=536&top_left_y=577&top_left_x=433" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure><br /> <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/16ec659a-6043-4a39-89c1-42b209642603-26.jpg?height=407&width=471&top_left_y=653&top_left_x=1246" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li> </ul> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="attractove-forces-in-molecules-3" class="section-title"> ATTRACTOVE FORCES IN MOLECULES</h2> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="examples%3A-10" class="section-title"> Examples:</h2> <ol> <li>Indicate the major type of molecular forces expected of each of the following:<br /> a) <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="5.437ex" height="1.545ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 2403 683"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> b) <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.067ex" height="1.885ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1797.6 833"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(394,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> c) <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="7.053ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3117.6 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(1403,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1714,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> <li>Identify the strongest attractive forces between molecules of each of the following:<br /> a) <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="10.037ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 4436.6 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1505,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(2908.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> b) <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="7.146ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3158.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(1444,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1755,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> c) HCl<br /> d) <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="8.636ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3817.1 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1505,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1908.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1505,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></li> <li>Identify the substance in each pair that would have the higher boiling point:<br /> a) HF or HBr<br /> b) <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.318ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 1908.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1505,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> or <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="7.775ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3436.6 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1505,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1908.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br /> c) <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.546ex;" width="8.945ex" height="2.091ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 3953.6 924.4"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="67" d="M329 409Q373 453 429 453Q459 453 472 434T485 396Q485 382 476 371T449 360Q416 360 412 390Q410 404 415 411Q415 412 416 414V415Q388 412 363 393Q355 388 355 386Q355 385 359 381T368 369T379 351T388 325T392 292Q392 230 343 187T222 143Q172 143 123 171Q112 153 112 133Q112 98 138 81Q147 75 155 75T227 73Q311 72 335 67Q396 58 431 26Q470 -13 470 -72Q470 -139 392 -175Q332 -206 250 -206Q167 -206 107 -175Q29 -140 29 -75Q29 -39 50 -15T92 18L103 24Q67 55 67 108Q67 155 96 193Q52 237 52 292Q52 355 102 398T223 442Q274 442 318 416L329 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