← all pages
Exp_10
view live ↗
<header> <nav aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <p><a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chem102/03:_Lab_Materials/Exp_10#">Chemistry 102: General Chemistry II</a> > <a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chem102/03:_Lab_Materials/Exp_10#">Lab Materials</a></p> </nav> <h1>Exp 10</h1> </header> <main role="main"> <div id="preview" class="preview scrollEditor"> <div id="container-ruller"></div> <div id="preview-content"> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="experiment-%5C%23-10%3A-solubility-product-determination" class="section-title"> Experiment # 10: Solubility Product Determination</h2> <div>When a chemical species is classified as "insoluble", this does not mean that none of the compound dissolves in the given solvent or solution system. In reality, a measurable level of material does go into solution, but it is sometimes considered negligible relative to the total amount of the chemical. perhaps a better name for such salts is "sparingly soluble." The dissolving of a solid monovalent-monovalent salt, represented as MX, in an appropriate solvent is represented by the general equation:</div> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -1.204ex;" width="22.045ex" height="3.071ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -825.2 9743.8 1357.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="58" d="M270 0Q252 3 141 3Q46 3 31 0H23V46H40Q129 50 161 88Q165 94 244 216T324 339Q324 341 235 480T143 622Q133 631 119 634T57 637H37V683H46Q64 680 172 680Q297 680 318 683H329V637H324Q307 637 286 632T263 621Q263 618 322 525T384 431Q385 431 437 511T489 593Q490 595 490 599Q490 611 477 622T436 637H428V683H437Q455 680 566 680Q661 680 676 683H684V637H667Q585 634 551 599Q548 596 478 491Q412 388 412 387Q412 385 514 225T620 62Q628 53 642 50T695 46H726V0H717Q699 3 591 3Q466 3 445 0H434V46H440Q454 46 476 51T499 64Q499 67 463 124T390 238L353 295L350 292Q348 290 343 283T331 265T312 236T286 195Q219 88 218 84Q218 70 234 59T272 46H280V0H270Z" transform="translate(917,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1700,-176.7) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(783,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2856.5,0)"><path data-c="21CC" d="M755 512Q755 514 778 514H801L804 503Q805 501 812 486T824 462T839 437T862 408T892 381T932 354L944 347V327H507Q70 327 67 329Q55 335 55 347T67 365Q70 367 454 367H837L828 376Q803 403 785 437T761 489T755 512ZM55 153V173H492Q928 173 932 171Q944 166 944 153T932 135Q928 133 545 133H162L171 124Q198 95 216 61T239 8L244 -12Q244 -14 221 -14H198L195 -4Q160 95 67 146L55 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msubsup" transform="translate(4134.3,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(950,413) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(950,-355.3) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z"></path><path data-c="71" d="M33 218Q33 308 95 374T236 441H246Q330 441 381 372L387 364Q388 364 404 403L420 442H457V156Q457 -132 458 -134Q462 -142 470 -145Q491 -148 519 -148H535V-194H527L504 -193Q480 -192 453 -192T415 -191Q312 -191 303 -194H295V-148H311Q339 -148 360 -145Q369 -141 371 -135T373 -106V-41V49Q313 -11 236 -11Q154 -11 94 53T33 218ZM376 300Q346 389 278 401Q275 401 269 401T261 402Q211 400 171 350T131 214Q131 137 165 82T253 27Q296 27 328 54T376 118V300Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1417,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(6633.5,0)"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msubsup" transform="translate(7633.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="58" d="M270 0Q252 3 141 3Q46 3 31 0H23V46H40Q129 50 161 88Q165 94 244 216T324 339Q324 341 235 480T143 622Q133 631 119 634T57 637H37V683H46Q64 680 172 680Q297 680 318 683H329V637H324Q307 637 286 632T263 621Q263 618 322 525T384 431Q385 431 437 511T489 593Q490 595 490 599Q490 611 477 622T436 637H428V683H437Q455 680 566 680Q661 680 676 683H684V637H667Q585 634 551 599Q548 596 478 491Q412 388 412 387Q412 385 514 225T620 62Q628 53 642 50T695 46H726V0H717Q699 3 591 3Q466 3 445 0H434V46H440Q454 46 476 51T499 64Q499 67 463 124T390 238L353 295L350 292Q348 290 343 283T331 265T312 236T286 195Q219 88 218 84Q218 70 234 59T272 46H280V0H270Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,413) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-355.3) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z"></path><path data-c="71" d="M33 218Q33 308 95 374T236 441H246Q330 441 381 372L387 364Q388 364 404 403L420 442H457V156Q457 -132 458 -134Q462 -142 470 -145Q491 -148 519 -148H535V-194H527L504 -193Q480 -192 453 -192T415 -191Q312 -191 303 -194H295V-148H311Q339 -148 360 -145Q369 -141 371 -135T373 -106V-41V49Q313 -11 236 -11Q154 -11 94 53T33 218ZM376 300Q346 389 278 401Q275 401 269 401T261 402Q211 400 171 350T131 214Q131 137 165 82T253 27Q296 27 328 54T376 118V300Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1417,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>where the subscripts "(s)" and "(aq)" represent the solid and aqueous solution physical states, respectively. For a set of given conditions, the precipitate has a definite solubility (or maximum amount that will dissolve) expressed in units of grams/liter or moles/liter.</div> <div>An equilibrium constant expression can be written for the above reaction, as: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="24.472ex" height="2.404ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 10816.8 1062.4"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z"></path><path data-c="71" d="M33 218Q33 308 95 374T236 441H246Q330 441 381 372L387 364Q388 364 404 403L420 442H457V156Q457 -132 458 -134Q462 -142 470 -145Q491 -148 519 -148H535V-194H527L504 -193Q480 -192 453 -192T415 -191Q312 -191 303 -194H295V-148H311Q339 -148 360 -145Q369 -141 371 -135T373 -106V-41V49Q313 -11 236 -11Q154 -11 94 53T33 218ZM376 300Q346 389 278 401Q275 401 269 401T261 402Q211 400 171 350T131 214Q131 137 165 82T253 27Q296 27 328 54T376 118V300Z" transform="translate(444,0)"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2826.1,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(3881.9,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="5B" d="M118 -250V750H255V710H158V-210H255V-250H118Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(278,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(950,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1828.1,0)"><path data-c="5D" d="M22 710V750H159V-250H22V-210H119V710H22Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(6154.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="5B" d="M118 -250V750H255V710H158V-210H255V-250H118Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(278,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="58" d="M270 0Q252 3 141 3Q46 3 31 0H23V46H40Q129 50 161 88Q165 94 244 216T324 339Q324 341 235 480T143 622Q133 631 119 634T57 637H37V683H46Q64 680 172 680Q297 680 318 683H329V637H324Q307 637 286 632T263 621Q263 618 322 525T384 431Q385 431 437 511T489 593Q490 595 490 599Q490 611 477 622T436 637H428V683H437Q455 680 566 680Q661 680 676 683H684V637H667Q585 634 551 599Q548 596 478 491Q412 388 412 387Q412 385 514 225T620 62Q628 53 642 50T695 46H726V0H717Q699 3 591 3Q466 3 445 0H434V46H440Q454 46 476 51T499 64Q499 67 463 124T390 238L353 295L350 292Q348 290 343 283T331 265T312 236T286 195Q219 88 218 84Q218 70 234 59T272 46H280V0H270Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1661.1,0)"><path data-c="5D" d="M22 710V750H159V-250H22V-210H119V710H22Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(8093.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2F" d="M423 750Q432 750 438 744T444 730Q444 725 271 248T92 -240Q85 -250 75 -250Q68 -250 62 -245T56 -231Q56 -221 230 257T407 740Q411 750 423 750Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(8593.8,0)"><path data-c="5B" d="M118 -250V750H255V710H158V-210H255V-250H118Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(8871.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="58" d="M270 0Q252 3 141 3Q46 3 31 0H23V46H40Q129 50 161 88Q165 94 244 216T324 339Q324 341 235 480T143 622Q133 631 119 634T57 637H37V683H46Q64 680 172 680Q297 680 318 683H329V637H324Q307 637 286 632T263 621Q263 618 322 525T384 431Q385 431 437 511T489 593Q490 595 490 599Q490 611 477 622T436 637H428V683H437Q455 680 566 680Q661 680 676 683H684V637H667Q585 634 551 599Q548 596 478 491Q412 388 412 387Q412 385 514 225T620 62Q628 53 642 50T695 46H726V0H717Q699 3 591 3Q466 3 445 0H434V46H440Q454 46 476 51T499 64Q499 67 463 124T390 238L353 295L350 292Q348 290 343 283T331 265T312 236T286 195Q219 88 218 84Q218 70 234 59T272 46H280V0H270Z" transform="translate(917,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(10538.8,0)"><path data-c="5D" d="M22 710V750H159V-250H22V-210H119V710H22Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>. The "concentration" of any solid material, such as MX, is proportional to its density and is constant. Thus, the term [MX] is usually combined into the <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.503ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1548.3 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z"></path><path data-c="71" d="M33 218Q33 308 95 374T236 441H246Q330 441 381 372L387 364Q388 364 404 403L420 442H457V156Q457 -132 458 -134Q462 -142 470 -145Q491 -148 519 -148H535V-194H527L504 -193Q480 -192 453 -192T415 -191Q312 -191 303 -194H295V-148H311Q339 -148 360 -145Q369 -141 371 -135T373 -106V-41V49Q313 -11 236 -11Q154 -11 94 53T33 218ZM376 300Q346 389 278 401Q275 401 269 401T261 402Q211 400 171 350T131 214Q131 137 165 82T253 27Q296 27 328 54T376 118V300Z" transform="translate(444,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> value, giving: <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="27.564ex" height="2.404ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 12183.1 1062.4"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z"></path><path data-c="71" d="M33 218Q33 308 95 374T236 441H246Q330 441 381 372L387 364Q388 364 404 403L420 442H457V156Q457 -132 458 -134Q462 -142 470 -145Q491 -148 519 -148H535V-194H527L504 -193Q480 -192 453 -192T415 -191Q312 -191 303 -194H295V-148H311Q339 -148 360 -145Q369 -141 371 -135T373 -106V-41V49Q313 -11 236 -11Q154 -11 94 53T33 218ZM376 300Q346 389 278 401Q275 401 269 401T261 402Q211 400 171 350T131 214Q131 137 165 82T253 27Q296 27 328 54T376 118V300Z" transform="translate(444,0)"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1548.3,0)"><path data-c="5B" d="M118 -250V750H255V710H158V-210H255V-250H118Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1826.3,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="58" d="M270 0Q252 3 141 3Q46 3 31 0H23V46H40Q129 50 161 88Q165 94 244 216T324 339Q324 341 235 480T143 622Q133 631 119 634T57 637H37V683H46Q64 680 172 680Q297 680 318 683H329V637H324Q307 637 286 632T263 621Q263 618 322 525T384 431Q385 431 437 511T489 593Q490 595 490 599Q490 611 477 622T436 637H428V683H437Q455 680 566 680Q661 680 676 683H684V637H667Q585 634 551 599Q548 596 478 491Q412 388 412 387Q412 385 514 225T620 62Q628 53 642 50T695 46H726V0H717Q699 3 591 3Q466 3 445 0H434V46H440Q454 46 476 51T499 64Q499 67 463 124T390 238L353 295L350 292Q348 290 343 283T331 265T312 236T286 195Q219 88 218 84Q218 70 234 59T272 46H280V0H270Z" transform="translate(917,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3493.3,0)"><path data-c="5D" d="M22 710V750H159V-250H22V-210H119V710H22Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(4049.1,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(5104.9,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="5B" d="M118 -250V750H255V710H158V-210H255V-250H118Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(278,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(950,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1828.1,0)"><path data-c="5D" d="M22 710V750H159V-250H22V-210H119V710H22Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(7377.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="5B" d="M118 -250V750H255V710H158V-210H255V-250H118Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(278,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="58" d="M270 0Q252 3 141 3Q46 3 31 0H23V46H40Q129 50 161 88Q165 94 244 216T324 339Q324 341 235 480T143 622Q133 631 119 634T57 637H37V683H46Q64 680 172 680Q297 680 318 683H329V637H324Q307 637 286 632T263 621Q263 618 322 525T384 431Q385 431 437 511T489 593Q490 595 490 599Q490 611 477 622T436 637H428V683H437Q455 680 566 680Q661 680 676 683H684V637H667Q585 634 551 599Q548 596 478 491Q412 388 412 387Q412 385 514 225T620 62Q628 53 642 50T695 46H726V0H717Q699 3 591 3Q466 3 445 0H434V46H440Q454 46 476 51T499 64Q499 67 463 124T390 238L353 295L350 292Q348 290 343 283T331 265T312 236T286 195Q219 88 218 84Q218 70 234 59T272 46H280V0H270Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1661.1,0)"><path data-c="5D" d="M22 710V750H159V-250H22V-210H119V710H22Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(9594.6,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(10650.3,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>, where " <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> is called the "solubility product" constant. Note: Square brackets indicate saturation or equilibrium molarities.</div> <div>The ideal or thermodynamic solubility product expression is written in terms of the "activities" or "effective concentrations" of all species, rather than in actual mass/volume or mole/volume concentrations. In solutions of low concentrations, the activity coefficients are near unity, and the simplification of terms is appropriate for equilibrium systems for most reactions.</div> <div>For a given chemical species and solvent system, the main factor which affects the value of <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> is the temperature. Most often, an increase in the temperature causes an increase in the solubility and value. However, there are some exceptions, as in the case of a salt which dissolves with a loss of energy (i.e., an exothermic dissolution). For a given temperature and set of experimental conditions, there are often kinetic limitations as to how fast crystalline solids form. Thus, sufficient time should be allowed for the system to come to a true state of equilibrium.</div> <div>The amount of a slightly soluble salt that dissolves does not depend on the amount of the solid in equilibrium with the solution, so long as there is enough to saturate the solution. A non-symmetric salt, such as lead iodide or <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.603ex" height="1.91ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -694 2034.6 844"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>, would have a reaction as:</div> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.791ex;" width="55.753ex" height="3.161ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -1047.5 24642.7 1397"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2034.6,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(2423.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(250,0)"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3067.6,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3734.3,0)"><path data-c="21CC" d="M755 512Q755 514 778 514H801L804 503Q805 501 812 486T824 462T839 437T862 408T892 381T932 354L944 347V327H507Q70 327 67 329Q55 335 55 347T67 365Q70 367 454 367H837L828 376Q803 403 785 437T761 489T755 512ZM55 153V173H492Q928 173 932 171Q944 166 944 153T932 135Q928 133 545 133H162L171 124Q198 95 216 61T239 8L244 -12Q244 -14 221 -14H198L195 -4Q160 95 67 146L55 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(5012.1,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1270,421.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(7235.8,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(7624.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z"></path><path data-c="71" d="M33 218Q33 308 95 374T236 441H246Q330 441 381 372L387 364Q388 364 404 403L420 442H457V156Q457 -132 458 -134Q462 -142 470 -145Q491 -148 519 -148H535V-194H527L504 -193Q480 -192 453 -192T415 -191Q312 -191 303 -194H295V-148H311Q339 -148 360 -145Q369 -141 371 -135T373 -106V-41V49Q313 -11 236 -11Q154 -11 94 53T33 218ZM376 300Q346 389 278 401Q275 401 269 401T261 402Q211 400 171 350T131 214Q131 137 165 82T253 27Q296 27 328 54T376 118V300Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(8652.8,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(9264,0)"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(10264.2,0)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(10764.2,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(394,413) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(11758.4,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(12147.4,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z"></path><path data-c="71" d="M33 218Q33 308 95 374T236 441H246Q330 441 381 372L387 364Q388 364 404 403L420 442H457V156Q457 -132 458 -134Q462 -142 470 -145Q491 -148 519 -148H535V-194H527L504 -193Q480 -192 453 -192T415 -191Q312 -191 303 -194H295V-148H311Q339 -148 360 -145Q369 -141 371 -135T373 -106V-41V49Q313 -11 236 -11Q154 -11 94 53T33 218ZM376 300Q346 389 278 401Q275 401 269 401T261 402Q211 400 171 350T131 214Q131 137 165 82T253 27Q296 27 328 54T376 118V300Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(13175.4,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(13564.4,0)"><path data-c="2C" d="M78 35T78 60T94 103T137 121Q165 121 187 96T210 8Q210 -27 201 -60T180 -117T154 -158T130 -185T117 -194Q113 -194 104 -185T95 -172Q95 -168 106 -156T131 -126T157 -76T173 -3V9L172 8Q170 7 167 6T161 3T152 1T140 0Q113 0 96 17Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(14009,0)"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path><path data-c="77" d="M90 368Q84 378 76 380T40 385H18V431H24L43 430Q62 430 84 429T116 428Q206 428 221 431H229V385H215Q177 383 177 368Q177 367 221 239L265 113L339 328L333 345Q323 374 316 379Q308 384 278 385H258V431H264Q270 428 348 428Q439 428 454 431H461V385H452Q404 385 404 369Q404 366 418 324T449 234T481 143L496 100L537 219Q579 341 579 347Q579 363 564 373T530 385H522V431H529Q541 428 624 428Q692 428 698 431H703V385H697Q696 385 691 385T682 384Q635 377 619 334L559 161Q546 124 528 71Q508 12 503 1T487 -11H479Q460 -11 456 -4Q455 -3 407 133L361 267Q359 263 266 -4Q261 -11 243 -11H238Q225 -11 220 -3L90 368Z" transform="translate(250,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(972,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(1250,0)"></path><path data-c="68" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 124T102 167T103 217T103 272T103 329Q103 366 103 407T103 482T102 542T102 586T102 603Q99 622 88 628T43 637H25V660Q25 683 27 683L37 684Q47 685 66 686T103 688Q120 689 140 690T170 693T181 694H184V367Q244 442 328 442Q451 442 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(1639,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(2195,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(16454,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(18264.6,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(19320.3,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="5B" d="M202 -349V850H394V810H242V-309H394V-349H202Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(417,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1270,421.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2640.7,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="5D" d="M22 810V850H214V-349H22V-309H174V810H22Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(22378,0)"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="5B" d="M202 -349V850H394V810H242V-309H394V-349H202Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(417,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(394,413) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1411.1,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="5D" d="M22 810V850H214V-349H22V-309H174V810H22Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1861.1,576.6) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>As with any equilibrium constant, the <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> value holds under all conditions at the specified temperature. If there is an excess of one ion over the other, the concentration of the second is suppressed (due to the common-ion effect), and the solubility of the precipitate is decreased. Because the solubility product value always holds constant, precipitation will not occur unless the product of [ <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="3.507ex" height="1.754ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1550.1 775.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(950,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>] and [ <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="3.129ex" height="1.754ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1383.1 775.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="58" d="M270 0Q252 3 141 3Q46 3 31 0H23V46H40Q129 50 161 88Q165 94 244 216T324 339Q324 341 235 480T143 622Q133 631 119 634T57 637H37V683H46Q64 680 172 680Q297 680 318 683H329V637H324Q307 637 286 632T263 621Q263 618 322 525T384 431Q385 431 437 511T489 593Q490 595 490 599Q490 611 477 622T436 637H428V683H437Q455 680 566 680Q661 680 676 683H684V637H667Q585 634 551 599Q548 596 478 491Q412 388 412 387Q412 385 514 225T620 62Q628 53 642 50T695 46H726V0H717Q699 3 591 3Q466 3 445 0H434V46H440Q454 46 476 51T499 64Q499 67 463 124T390 238L353 295L350 292Q348 290 343 283T331 265T312 236T286 195Q219 88 218 84Q218 70 234 59T272 46H280V0H270Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>] exceeds the value of <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>. If the product of the ion concentrations is just equal to <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>, all the <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="3.507ex" height="1.754ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1550.1 775.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(950,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>and <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="3.129ex" height="1.754ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1383.1 775.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="58" d="M270 0Q252 3 141 3Q46 3 31 0H23V46H40Q129 50 161 88Q165 94 244 216T324 339Q324 341 235 480T143 622Q133 631 119 634T57 637H37V683H46Q64 680 172 680Q297 680 318 683H329V637H324Q307 637 286 632T263 621Q263 618 322 525T384 431Q385 431 437 511T489 593Q490 595 490 599Q490 611 477 622T436 637H428V683H437Q455 680 566 680Q661 680 676 683H684V637H667Q585 634 551 599Q548 596 478 491Q412 388 412 387Q412 385 514 225T620 62Q628 53 642 50T695 46H726V0H717Q699 3 591 3Q466 3 445 0H434V46H440Q454 46 476 51T499 64Q499 67 463 124T390 238L353 295L350 292Q348 290 343 283T331 265T312 236T286 195Q219 88 218 84Q218 70 234 59T272 46H280V0H270Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>would remain in the solution (i.e., no precipitate or solid forms).</div> <div>In this experiment, the relative solubility (and an approximate value of the <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> ) of lead iodide will be determined by direct observation. The procedure calls for the mixing of two standard solutions (one of a soluble lead salt, and a second of a soluble iodide salt) in different proportions and allowing time for the resulting mixture to come to equilibrium. In some of the mixtures, the solubility product constant for lead iodide will be exceeded, and precipitation of <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.603ex" height="1.91ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -694 2034.6 844"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> crystals will occur. In other mixtures, the final concentrations of lead and iodide ions will be such that precipitation does not occur.</div> <div>A simple product function "Q," called the Ion Product will be defined so that:</div> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.791ex;" width="48.978ex" height="3.161ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -1047.5 21648.5 1397"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="51" d="M56 341Q56 499 157 602T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 275 703 218T660 127T603 63T555 25T525 9Q524 8 524 8H523Q524 5 526 -1T537 -21T555 -47T581 -67T615 -76Q653 -76 678 -56T706 -3Q707 10 716 10Q721 10 728 5L727 -13Q727 -88 697 -140T606 -193Q563 -193 538 -166T498 -83Q483 -23 483 -8L471 -11Q459 -14 435 -18T388 -22Q254 -22 155 81T56 341ZM607 339Q607 429 586 496T531 598T461 649T390 665T318 649T248 598T192 496T170 339Q170 143 277 57Q301 39 305 39L304 42Q304 44 304 46Q301 53 301 68Q301 101 325 128T391 155Q454 155 495 70L501 58Q549 91 578 164Q607 234 607 339ZM385 18Q404 18 425 23T459 33T472 40Q471 47 468 57T449 88T412 115Q398 117 386 117Q367 117 353 102T338 67Q338 48 351 33T385 18Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1055.8,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2111.6,0)"><path data-c="7B" d="M434 -231Q434 -244 428 -250H410Q281 -250 230 -184Q225 -177 222 -172T217 -161T213 -148T211 -133T210 -111T209 -84T209 -47T209 0Q209 21 209 53Q208 142 204 153Q203 154 203 155Q189 191 153 211T82 231Q71 231 68 234T65 250T68 266T82 269Q116 269 152 289T203 345Q208 356 208 377T209 529V579Q209 634 215 656T244 698Q270 724 324 740Q361 748 377 749Q379 749 390 749T408 750H428Q434 744 434 732Q434 719 431 716Q429 713 415 713Q362 710 332 689T296 647Q291 634 291 499V417Q291 370 288 353T271 314Q240 271 184 255L170 250L184 245Q202 239 220 230T262 196T290 137Q291 131 291 1Q291 -134 296 -147Q306 -174 339 -192T415 -213Q429 -213 431 -216Q434 -219 434 -231Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(2611.6,0)"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(250,0)"></path><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z" transform="translate(528,0)"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(972,0)"></path><path data-c="64" d="M376 495Q376 511 376 535T377 568Q377 613 367 624T316 637H298V660Q298 683 300 683L310 684Q320 685 339 686T376 688Q393 689 413 690T443 693T454 694H457V390Q457 84 458 81Q461 61 472 55T517 46H535V0Q533 0 459 -5T380 -11H373V44L365 37Q307 -11 235 -11Q158 -11 96 50T34 215Q34 315 97 378T244 442Q319 442 376 393V495ZM373 342Q328 405 260 405Q211 405 173 369Q146 341 139 305T131 211Q131 155 138 120T173 59Q203 26 251 26Q322 26 373 103V342Z" transform="translate(1472,0)"></path><path data-c="20" d="" transform="translate(2028,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(2278,0)"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(2556,0)"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(3056,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(3612,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(6473.6,0)"><path data-c="7D" d="M65 731Q65 745 68 747T88 750Q171 750 216 725T279 670Q288 649 289 635T291 501Q292 362 293 357Q306 312 345 291T417 269Q428 269 431 266T434 250T431 234T417 231Q380 231 345 210T298 157Q293 143 292 121T291 -28V-79Q291 -134 285 -156T256 -198Q202 -250 89 -250Q71 -250 68 -247T65 -230Q65 -224 65 -223T66 -218T69 -214T77 -213Q91 -213 108 -210T146 -200T183 -177T207 -139Q208 -134 209 3L210 139Q223 196 280 230Q315 247 330 250Q305 257 280 270Q225 304 212 352L210 362L209 498Q208 635 207 640Q195 680 154 696T77 713Q68 713 67 716T65 731Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(7195.8,0)"><path data-c="D7" d="M630 29Q630 9 609 9Q604 9 587 25T493 118L389 222L284 117Q178 13 175 11Q171 9 168 9Q160 9 154 15T147 29Q147 36 161 51T255 146L359 250L255 354Q174 435 161 449T147 471Q147 480 153 485T168 490Q173 490 175 489Q178 487 284 383L389 278L493 382Q570 459 587 475T609 491Q630 491 630 471Q630 464 620 453T522 355L418 250L522 145Q606 61 618 48T630 29Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(8196,0)"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path><path data-c="7B" d="M434 -231Q434 -244 428 -250H410Q281 -250 230 -184Q225 -177 222 -172T217 -161T213 -148T211 -133T210 -111T209 -84T209 -47T209 0Q209 21 209 53Q208 142 204 153Q203 154 203 155Q189 191 153 211T82 231Q71 231 68 234T65 250T68 266T82 269Q116 269 152 289T203 345Q208 356 208 377T209 529V579Q209 634 215 656T244 698Q270 724 324 740Q361 748 377 749Q379 749 390 749T408 750H428Q434 744 434 732Q434 719 431 716Q429 713 415 713Q362 710 332 689T296 647Q291 634 291 499V417Q291 370 288 353T271 314Q240 271 184 255L170 250L184 245Q202 239 220 230T262 196T290 137Q291 131 291 1Q291 -134 296 -147Q306 -174 339 -192T415 -213Q429 -213 431 -216Q434 -219 434 -231Z" transform="translate(250,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(1028,0)"></path><path data-c="64" d="M376 495Q376 511 376 535T377 568Q377 613 367 624T316 637H298V660Q298 683 300 683L310 684Q320 685 339 686T376 688Q393 689 413 690T443 693T454 694H457V390Q457 84 458 81Q461 61 472 55T517 46H535V0Q533 0 459 -5T380 -11H373V44L365 37Q307 -11 235 -11Q158 -11 96 50T34 215Q34 315 97 378T244 442Q319 442 376 393V495ZM373 342Q328 405 260 405Q211 405 173 369Q146 341 139 305T131 211Q131 155 138 120T173 59Q203 26 251 26Q322 26 373 103V342Z" transform="translate(1528,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(2084,0)"></path><path data-c="64" d="M376 495Q376 511 376 535T377 568Q377 613 367 624T316 637H298V660Q298 683 300 683L310 684Q320 685 339 686T376 688Q393 689 413 690T443 693T454 694H457V390Q457 84 458 81Q461 61 472 55T517 46H535V0Q533 0 459 -5T380 -11H373V44L365 37Q307 -11 235 -11Q158 -11 96 50T34 215Q34 315 97 378T244 442Q319 442 376 393V495ZM373 342Q328 405 260 405Q211 405 173 369Q146 341 139 305T131 211Q131 155 138 120T173 59Q203 26 251 26Q322 26 373 103V342Z" transform="translate(2362,0)"></path><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z" transform="translate(2918,0)"></path><path data-c="20" d="" transform="translate(3362,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(3612,0)"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(3890,0)"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(4390,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(4946,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(13392,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="7D" d="M65 731Q65 745 68 747T88 750Q171 750 216 725T279 670Q288 649 289 635T291 501Q292 362 293 357Q306 312 345 291T417 269Q428 269 431 266T434 250T431 234T417 231Q380 231 345 210T298 157Q293 143 292 121T291 -28V-79Q291 -134 285 -156T256 -198Q202 -250 89 -250Q71 -250 68 -247T65 -230Q65 -224 65 -223T66 -218T69 -214T77 -213Q91 -213 108 -210T146 -200T183 -177T207 -139Q208 -134 209 3L210 139Q223 196 280 230Q315 247 330 250Q305 257 280 270Q225 304 212 352L210 362L209 498Q208 635 207 640Q195 680 154 696T77 713Q68 713 67 716T65 731Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(533,413) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(14606.3,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(15662.1,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="7B" d="M477 -343L471 -349H458Q432 -349 367 -325T273 -263Q258 -245 250 -212L249 -51Q249 -27 249 12Q248 118 244 128Q243 129 243 130Q220 189 121 228Q109 232 107 235T105 250Q105 256 105 257T105 261T107 265T111 268T118 272T128 276T142 283T162 291Q224 324 243 371Q243 372 244 373Q248 384 249 469Q249 475 249 489Q249 528 249 552L250 714Q253 728 256 736T271 761T299 789T347 816T422 843Q440 849 441 849H443Q445 849 447 849T452 850T457 850H471L477 844V830Q477 820 476 817T470 811T459 807T437 801T404 785Q353 760 338 724Q333 710 333 550Q333 526 333 492T334 447Q334 393 327 368T295 318Q257 280 181 255L169 251L184 245Q318 198 332 112Q333 106 333 -49Q333 -209 338 -223Q351 -255 391 -277T469 -309Q477 -311 477 -329V-343Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(583,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1270,421.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2806.7,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="7D" d="M110 849L115 850Q120 850 125 850Q151 850 215 826T309 764Q324 747 332 714L333 552Q333 528 333 489Q334 383 338 373Q339 372 339 371Q353 336 391 310T469 271Q477 268 477 251Q477 241 476 237T472 232T456 225T428 214Q357 179 339 130Q339 129 338 128Q334 117 333 32Q333 26 333 12Q333 -27 333 -51L332 -212Q328 -228 323 -240T302 -271T255 -307T175 -338Q139 -349 125 -349T108 -346T105 -329Q105 -314 107 -312T130 -304Q233 -271 248 -209Q249 -203 249 -49V57Q249 106 253 125T273 167Q307 213 398 245L413 251L401 255Q265 300 250 389Q249 395 249 550Q249 710 244 724Q224 774 112 811Q105 813 105 830Q105 845 110 849Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(19051.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="7B" d="M477 -343L471 -349H458Q432 -349 367 -325T273 -263Q258 -245 250 -212L249 -51Q249 -27 249 12Q248 118 244 128Q243 129 243 130Q220 189 121 228Q109 232 107 235T105 250Q105 256 105 257T105 261T107 265T111 268T118 272T128 276T142 283T162 291Q224 324 243 371Q243 372 244 373Q248 384 249 469Q249 475 249 489Q249 528 249 552L250 714Q253 728 256 736T271 761T299 789T347 816T422 843Q440 849 441 849H443Q445 849 447 849T452 850T457 850H471L477 844V830Q477 820 476 817T470 811T459 807T437 801T404 785Q353 760 338 724Q333 710 333 550Q333 526 333 492T334 447Q334 393 327 368T295 318Q257 280 181 255L169 251L184 245Q318 198 332 112Q333 106 333 -49Q333 -209 338 -223Q351 -255 391 -277T469 -309Q477 -311 477 -329V-343Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(583,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(394,413) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1577.1,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="7D" d="M110 849L115 850Q120 850 125 850Q151 850 215 826T309 764Q324 747 332 714L333 552Q333 528 333 489Q334 383 338 373Q339 372 339 371Q353 336 391 310T469 271Q477 268 477 251Q477 241 476 237T472 232T456 225T428 214Q357 179 339 130Q339 129 338 128Q334 117 333 32Q333 26 333 12Q333 -27 333 -51L332 -212Q328 -228 323 -240T302 -271T255 -307T175 -338Q139 -349 125 -349T108 -346T105 -329Q105 -314 107 -312T130 -304Q233 -271 248 -209Q249 -203 249 -49V57Q249 106 253 125T273 167Q307 213 398 245L413 251L401 255Q265 300 250 389Q249 395 249 550Q249 710 244 724Q224 774 112 811Q105 813 105 830Q105 845 110 849Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2193.1,576.6) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>where curly brackets indicate prepared molarities before precipitation occurs (if it does occur). An experimental value of "Q" will be calculated for each mixture, based on the total amount of lead ion and iodide ion added in each solution. Clearly, the formation of solid crystals of <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.603ex" height="1.91ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -694 2034.6 844"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> will occur when the value of "Q" exceeds the solubility product value of lead iodide (i.e., when Q <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="5.856ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 2588.5 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="3E" d="M84 520Q84 528 88 533T96 539L99 540Q106 540 253 471T544 334L687 265Q694 260 694 250T687 235Q685 233 395 96L107 -40H101Q83 -38 83 -20Q83 -19 83 -17Q82 -10 98 -1Q117 9 248 71Q326 108 378 132L626 250L378 368Q90 504 86 509Q84 513 84 520Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1055.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> ). Similarly, precipitation will not occur when the value of <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="8.245ex" height="2.245ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3644.3 992.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1810.5,0)"><path data-c="3E" d="M84 520Q84 528 88 533T96 539L99 540Q106 540 253 471T544 334L687 265Q694 260 694 250T687 235Q685 233 395 96L107 -40H101Q83 -38 83 -20Q83 -19 83 -17Q82 -10 98 -1Q117 9 248 71Q326 108 378 132L626 250L378 368Q90 504 86 509Q84 513 84 520Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(2866.3,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="51" d="M56 341Q56 499 157 602T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 275 703 218T660 127T603 63T555 25T525 9Q524 8 524 8H523Q524 5 526 -1T537 -21T555 -47T581 -67T615 -76Q653 -76 678 -56T706 -3Q707 10 716 10Q721 10 728 5L727 -13Q727 -88 697 -140T606 -193Q563 -193 538 -166T498 -83Q483 -23 483 -8L471 -11Q459 -14 435 -18T388 -22Q254 -22 155 81T56 341ZM607 339Q607 429 586 496T531 598T461 649T390 665T318 649T248 598T192 496T170 339Q170 143 277 57Q301 39 305 39L304 42Q304 44 304 46Q301 53 301 68Q301 101 325 128T391 155Q454 155 495 70L501 58Q549 91 578 164Q607 234 607 339ZM385 18Q404 18 425 23T459 33T472 40Q471 47 468 57T449 88T412 115Q398 117 386 117Q367 117 353 102T338 67Q338 48 351 33T385 18Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>.</div> <div>Thus, in this experimental procedure, if some sample mixtures form <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.603ex" height="1.91ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -694 2034.6 844"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> crystals and other solutions do not, the value of the solubility product constant lies between Q values with precipitates and Q values without precipitates. The most precise value for <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> is given as:</div> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="54.271ex" height="2.245ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 23987.7 992.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path><path data-c="51" d="M56 341Q56 499 157 602T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 275 703 218T660 127T603 63T555 25T525 9Q524 8 524 8H523Q524 5 526 -1T537 -21T555 -47T581 -67T615 -76Q653 -76 678 -56T706 -3Q707 10 716 10Q721 10 728 5L727 -13Q727 -88 697 -140T606 -193Q563 -193 538 -166T498 -83Q483 -23 483 -8L471 -11Q459 -14 435 -18T388 -22Q254 -22 155 81T56 341ZM607 339Q607 429 586 496T531 598T461 649T390 665T318 649T248 598T192 496T170 339Q170 143 277 57Q301 39 305 39L304 42Q304 44 304 46Q301 53 301 68Q301 101 325 128T391 155Q454 155 495 70L501 58Q549 91 578 164Q607 234 607 339ZM385 18Q404 18 425 23T459 33T472 40Q471 47 468 57T449 88T412 115Q398 117 386 117Q367 117 353 102T338 67Q338 48 351 33T385 18Z" transform="translate(250,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(1028,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1278,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="51" d="M56 341Q56 499 157 602T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 275 703 218T660 127T603 63T555 25T525 9Q524 8 524 8H523Q524 5 526 -1T537 -21T555 -47T581 -67T615 -76Q653 -76 678 -56T706 -3Q707 10 716 10Q721 10 728 5L727 -13Q727 -88 697 -140T606 -193Q563 -193 538 -166T498 -83Q483 -23 483 -8L471 -11Q459 -14 435 -18T388 -22Q254 -22 155 81T56 341ZM607 339Q607 429 586 496T531 598T461 649T390 665T318 649T248 598T192 496T170 339Q170 143 277 57Q301 39 305 39L304 42Q304 44 304 46Q301 53 301 68Q301 101 325 128T391 155Q454 155 495 70L501 58Q549 91 578 164Q607 234 607 339ZM385 18Q404 18 425 23T459 33T472 40Q471 47 468 57T449 88T412 115Q398 117 386 117Q367 117 353 102T338 67Q338 48 351 33T385 18Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(833,0)"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(1111,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(1667,0)"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(1945,0)"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(2778,0)"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(3334,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(4167,0)"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(5262.3,0)"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path><path data-c="77" d="M90 368Q84 378 76 380T40 385H18V431H24L43 430Q62 430 84 429T116 428Q206 428 221 431H229V385H215Q177 383 177 368Q177 367 221 239L265 113L339 328L333 345Q323 374 316 379Q308 384 278 385H258V431H264Q270 428 348 428Q439 428 454 431H461V385H452Q404 385 404 369Q404 366 418 324T449 234T481 143L496 100L537 219Q579 341 579 347Q579 363 564 373T530 385H522V431H529Q541 428 624 428Q692 428 698 431H703V385H697Q696 385 691 385T682 384Q635 377 619 334L559 161Q546 124 528 71Q508 12 503 1T487 -11H479Q460 -11 456 -4Q455 -3 407 133L361 267Q359 263 266 -4Q261 -11 243 -11H238Q225 -11 220 -3L90 368Z" transform="translate(250,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(972,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(1250,0)"></path><path data-c="68" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 124T102 167T103 217T103 272T103 329Q103 366 103 407T103 482T102 542T102 586T102 603Q99 622 88 628T43 637H25V660Q25 683 27 683L37 684Q47 685 66 686T103 688Q120 689 140 690T170 693T181 694H184V367Q244 442 328 442Q451 442 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(1639,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(2195,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(7707.3,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(10019.6,0)"><path data-c="3E" d="M84 520Q84 528 88 533T96 539L99 540Q106 540 253 471T544 334L687 265Q694 260 694 250T687 235Q685 233 395 96L107 -40H101Q83 -38 83 -20Q83 -19 83 -17Q82 -10 98 -1Q117 9 248 71Q326 108 378 132L626 250L378 368Q90 504 86 509Q84 513 84 520Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(11075.4,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(12885.9,0)"><path data-c="3E" d="M84 520Q84 528 88 533T96 539L99 540Q106 540 253 471T544 334L687 265Q694 260 694 250T687 235Q685 233 395 96L107 -40H101Q83 -38 83 -20Q83 -19 83 -17Q82 -10 98 -1Q117 9 248 71Q326 108 378 132L626 250L378 368Q90 504 86 509Q84 513 84 520Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(13941.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="51" d="M56 341Q56 499 157 602T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 275 703 218T660 127T603 63T555 25T525 9Q524 8 524 8H523Q524 5 526 -1T537 -21T555 -47T581 -67T615 -76Q653 -76 678 -56T706 -3Q707 10 716 10Q721 10 728 5L727 -13Q727 -88 697 -140T606 -193Q563 -193 538 -166T498 -83Q483 -23 483 -8L471 -11Q459 -14 435 -18T388 -22Q254 -22 155 81T56 341ZM607 339Q607 429 586 496T531 598T461 649T390 665T318 649T248 598T192 496T170 339Q170 143 277 57Q301 39 305 39L304 42Q304 44 304 46Q301 53 301 68Q301 101 325 128T391 155Q454 155 495 70L501 58Q549 91 578 164Q607 234 607 339ZM385 18Q404 18 425 23T459 33T472 40Q471 47 468 57T449 88T412 115Q398 117 386 117Q367 117 353 102T338 67Q338 48 351 33T385 18Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(833,0)"></path><path data-c="78" d="M201 0Q189 3 102 3Q26 3 17 0H11V46H25Q48 47 67 52T96 61T121 78T139 96T160 122T180 150L226 210L168 288Q159 301 149 315T133 336T122 351T113 363T107 370T100 376T94 379T88 381T80 383Q74 383 44 385H16V431H23Q59 429 126 429Q219 429 229 431H237V385Q201 381 201 369Q201 367 211 353T239 315T268 274L272 270L297 304Q329 345 329 358Q329 364 327 369T322 376T317 380T310 384L307 385H302V431H309Q324 428 408 428Q487 428 493 431H499V385H492Q443 385 411 368Q394 360 377 341T312 257L296 236L358 151Q424 61 429 57T446 50Q464 46 499 46H516V0H510H502Q494 1 482 1T457 2T432 2T414 3Q403 3 377 3T327 1L304 0H295V46H298Q309 46 320 51T331 63Q331 65 291 120L250 175Q249 174 219 133T185 88Q181 83 181 74Q181 63 188 55T206 46Q208 46 208 23V0H201Z" transform="translate(1333,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(1861,0)"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(2139,0)"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(2972,0)"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(3528,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(4361,0)"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(18063.2,0)"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path><path data-c="77" d="M90 368Q84 378 76 380T40 385H18V431H24L43 430Q62 430 84 429T116 428Q206 428 221 431H229V385H215Q177 383 177 368Q177 367 221 239L265 113L339 328L333 345Q323 374 316 379Q308 384 278 385H258V431H264Q270 428 348 428Q439 428 454 431H461V385H452Q404 385 404 369Q404 366 418 324T449 234T481 143L496 100L537 219Q579 341 579 347Q579 363 564 373T530 385H522V431H529Q541 428 624 428Q692 428 698 431H703V385H697Q696 385 691 385T682 384Q635 377 619 334L559 161Q546 124 528 71Q508 12 503 1T487 -11H479Q460 -11 456 -4Q455 -3 407 133L361 267Q359 263 266 -4Q261 -11 243 -11H238Q225 -11 220 -3L90 368Z" transform="translate(250,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(972,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(1250,0)"></path><path data-c="68" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 124T102 167T103 217T103 272T103 329Q103 366 103 407T103 482T102 542T102 586T102 603Q99 622 88 628T43 637H25V660Q25 683 27 683L37 684Q47 685 66 686T103 688Q120 689 140 690T170 693T181 694H184V367Q244 442 328 442Q451 442 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(1639,0)"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(2195,0)"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(2695,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(3251,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(3640,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(21953.2,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>The value for <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> is determined with an uncertainty level equal to the difference of the two Q values. In order for a more precise determination of <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>, the solution mixtures are designed such that the various Q values are rather close together.</div> <div>Caution: lead salts are toxic, so be careful handling the solutions, and make sure to wash your hands after you complete the experimental work.</div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="preparation-of-lead-iodide-mixtures" class="section-title"> Preparation of lead iodide mixtures</h2> <div>Equimolar standard solutions of lead and iodide compounds are provided on the reagent shelf. A 1.00 x <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;" width="11.6ex" height="2.068ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -892 5127.4 914"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1033,393.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(778,0)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1986.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(2903.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1270,421.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> solution is prepared by dissolving 3.312 grams of <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.646ex;" width="9.991ex" height="2.342ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -750 4416.1 1035.4"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1237,0)"><g data-mml-node="mrow"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(750,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1561,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2353.6,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2775.6,-285.4) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> in 1.00 liter of deionized water, while a solution of <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;" width="15.607ex" height="2.005ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -864 6898.3 886"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path><path data-c="2E" d="M78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z" transform="translate(778,0)"></path><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z" transform="translate(1278,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2000.2,0)"><path data-c="D7" d="M630 29Q630 9 609 9Q604 9 587 25T493 118L389 222L284 117Q178 13 175 11Q171 9 168 9Q160 9 154 15T147 29Q147 36 161 51T255 146L359 250L255 354Q174 435 161 449T147 471Q147 480 153 485T168 490Q173 490 175 489Q178 487 284 383L389 278L493 382Q570 459 587 475T609 491Q630 491 630 471Q630 464 620 453T522 355L418 250L522 145Q606 61 618 48T630 29Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(3000.4,0)"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1033,393.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(778,0)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(4987.1,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4D" d="M132 622Q125 629 121 631T105 634T62 637H29V683H135Q221 683 232 682T249 675Q250 674 354 398L458 124L562 398Q666 674 668 675Q671 681 683 682T781 683H887V637H854Q814 636 803 634T785 622V61Q791 51 802 49T854 46H887V0H876Q855 3 736 3Q605 3 596 0H585V46H618Q660 47 669 49T688 61V347Q688 424 688 461T688 546T688 613L687 632Q454 14 450 7Q446 1 430 1T410 7Q409 9 292 316L176 624V606Q175 588 175 543T175 463T175 356L176 86Q187 50 261 46H278V0H269Q254 3 154 3Q52 3 37 0H29V46H46Q78 48 98 56T122 69T132 86V622Z"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(917,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1311,410.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>is prepared by dissolving 1.660 grams of KI in 1.00 liter of deionized water.</div> <div>Each student or group of students should assemble a set of nine clean, dry test-tubes ( <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;" width="12.757ex" height="1.557ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -666 5638.4 688"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path><path data-c="35" d="M164 157Q164 133 148 117T109 101H102Q148 22 224 22Q294 22 326 82Q345 115 345 210Q345 313 318 349Q292 382 260 382H254Q176 382 136 314Q132 307 129 306T114 304Q97 304 95 310Q93 314 93 485V614Q93 664 98 664Q100 666 102 666Q103 666 123 658T178 642T253 634Q324 634 389 662Q397 666 402 666Q410 666 410 648V635Q328 538 205 538Q174 538 149 544L139 546V374Q158 388 169 396T205 412T256 420Q337 420 393 355T449 201Q449 109 385 44T229 -22Q148 -22 99 32T50 154Q50 178 61 192T84 210T107 214Q132 214 148 197T164 157Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1222.2,0)"><path data-c="D7" d="M630 29Q630 9 609 9Q604 9 587 25T493 118L389 222L284 117Q178 13 175 11Q171 9 168 9Q160 9 154 15T147 29Q147 36 161 51T255 146L359 250L255 354Q174 435 161 449T147 471Q147 480 153 485T168 490Q173 490 175 489Q178 487 284 383L389 278L493 382Q570 459 587 475T609 491Q630 491 630 471Q630 464 620 453T522 355L418 250L522 145Q606 61 618 48T630 29Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(2222.4,0)"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path><path data-c="35" d="M164 157Q164 133 148 117T109 101H102Q148 22 224 22Q294 22 326 82Q345 115 345 210Q345 313 318 349Q292 382 260 382H254Q176 382 136 314Q132 307 129 306T114 304Q97 304 95 310Q93 314 93 485V614Q93 664 98 664Q100 666 102 666Q103 666 123 658T178 642T253 634Q324 634 389 662Q397 666 402 666Q410 666 410 648V635Q328 538 205 538Q174 538 149 544L139 546V374Q158 388 169 396T205 412T256 420Q337 420 393 355T449 201Q449 109 385 44T229 -22Q148 -22 99 32T50 154Q50 178 61 192T84 210T107 214Q132 214 148 197T164 157Z" transform="translate(1000,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(3722.4,0)"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(250,0)"><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(833,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> ). A number (to be determined by the lab instructor) of buret stations will be set up in the laboratory. Each station will consist three delivery burets, one buret for each of the stock solutions and a third for deionized water. Following the specifications listed in Table I, prepare a mixture series of the lead and iodide stock solutions. To avoid local, temporary supersaturation, always mix the water first. Note that the total volume of each mixture solution is 10.0 mL . Be sure that the solutions are mixed thoroughly, and do not get the test tubes out of order. An easy check is to observe that the Q values progressively decrease from #1 to #9 samples.</div> <div>After preparing the solutions, allow each mixture to set for at least 30 minutes before checking for precipitation. During this equilibration period, calculate the theoretical or maximum concentration of each ion in the mixture, using the equation:</div> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -1.577ex;" width="47.289ex" height="4.676ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -1370 20901.8 2067"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="5B" d="M118 -250V750H255V710H158V-210H255V-250H118Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(278,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(361,0)"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(861,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1695,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="5D" d="M22 710V750H159V-250H22V-210H119V710H22Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(311,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(833,0)"></path><path data-c="78" d="M201 0Q189 3 102 3Q26 3 17 0H11V46H25Q48 47 67 52T96 61T121 78T139 96T160 122T180 150L226 210L168 288Q159 301 149 315T133 336T122 351T113 363T107 370T100 376T94 379T88 381T80 383Q74 383 44 385H16V431H23Q59 429 126 429Q219 429 229 431H237V385Q201 381 201 369Q201 367 211 353T239 315T268 274L272 270L297 304Q329 345 329 358Q329 364 327 369T322 376T317 380T310 384L307 385H302V431H309Q324 428 408 428Q487 428 493 431H499V385H492Q443 385 411 368Q394 360 377 341T312 257L296 236L358 151Q424 61 429 57T446 50Q464 46 499 46H516V0H510H502Q494 1 482 1T457 2T432 2T414 3Q403 3 377 3T327 1L304 0H295V46H298Q309 46 320 51T331 63Q331 65 291 120L250 175Q249 174 219 133T185 88Q181 83 181 74Q181 63 188 55T206 46Q208 46 208 23V0H201Z" transform="translate(1111,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(1639,0)"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(2028,0)"></path><path data-c="72" d="M36 46H50Q89 46 97 60V68Q97 77 97 91T98 122T98 161T98 203Q98 234 98 269T98 328L97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 60 434T96 436Q112 437 131 438T160 441T171 442H174V373Q213 441 271 441H277Q322 441 343 419T364 373Q364 352 351 337T313 322Q288 322 276 338T263 372Q263 381 265 388T270 400T273 405Q271 407 250 401Q234 393 226 386Q179 341 179 207V154Q179 141 179 127T179 101T180 81T180 66V61Q181 59 183 57T188 54T193 51T200 49T207 48T216 47T225 47T235 46T245 46H276V0H267Q249 3 140 3Q37 3 28 0H20V46H36Z" transform="translate(2584,0)"></path><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z" transform="translate(2976,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(3420,0)"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(4928.9,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(5984.6,0)"><path data-c="5B" d="M118 -250V750H255V710H158V-210H255V-250H118Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(6262.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(361,0)"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(861,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(7679.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="5D" d="M22 710V750H159V-250H22V-210H119V710H22Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(311,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(783,0)"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(1283,0)"></path><path data-c="64" d="M376 495Q376 511 376 535T377 568Q377 613 367 624T316 637H298V660Q298 683 300 683L310 684Q320 685 339 686T376 688Q393 689 413 690T443 693T454 694H457V390Q457 84 458 81Q461 61 472 55T517 46H535V0Q533 0 459 -5T380 -11H373V44L365 37Q307 -11 235 -11Q158 -11 96 50T34 215Q34 315 97 378T244 442Q319 442 376 393V495ZM373 342Q328 405 260 405Q211 405 173 369Q146 341 139 305T131 211Q131 155 138 120T173 59Q203 26 251 26Q322 26 373 103V342Z" transform="translate(1839,0)"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(2395,0)"></path><path data-c="72" d="M36 46H50Q89 46 97 60V68Q97 77 97 91T98 122T98 161T98 203Q98 234 98 269T98 328L97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 60 434T96 436Q112 437 131 438T160 441T171 442H174V373Q213 441 271 441H277Q322 441 343 419T364 373Q364 352 351 337T313 322Q288 322 276 338T263 372Q263 381 265 388T270 400T273 405Q271 407 250 401Q234 393 226 386Q179 341 179 207V154Q179 141 179 127T179 101T180 81T180 66V61Q181 59 183 57T188 54T193 51T200 49T207 48T216 47T225 47T235 46T245 46H276V0H267Q249 3 140 3Q37 3 28 0H20V46H36Z" transform="translate(2895,0)"></path><path data-c="64" d="M376 495Q376 511 376 535T377 568Q377 613 367 624T316 637H298V660Q298 683 300 683L310 684Q320 685 339 686T376 688Q393 689 413 690T443 693T454 694H457V390Q457 84 458 81Q461 61 472 55T517 46H535V0Q533 0 459 -5T380 -11H373V44L365 37Q307 -11 235 -11Q158 -11 96 50T34 215Q34 315 97 378T244 442Q319 442 376 393V495ZM373 342Q328 405 260 405Q211 405 173 369Q146 341 139 305T131 211Q131 155 138 120T173 59Q203 26 251 26Q322 26 373 103V342Z" transform="translate(3287,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(3843,0)"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(10934.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="78" d="M201 0Q189 3 102 3Q26 3 17 0H11V46H25Q48 47 67 52T96 61T121 78T139 96T160 122T180 150L226 210L168 288Q159 301 149 315T133 336T122 351T113 363T107 370T100 376T94 379T88 381T80 383Q74 383 44 385H16V431H23Q59 429 126 429Q219 429 229 431H237V385Q201 381 201 369Q201 367 211 353T239 315T268 274L272 270L297 304Q329 345 329 358Q329 364 327 369T322 376T317 380T310 384L307 385H302V431H309Q324 428 408 428Q487 428 493 431H499V385H492Q443 385 411 368Q394 360 377 341T312 257L296 236L358 151Q424 61 429 57T446 50Q464 46 499 46H516V0H510H502Q494 1 482 1T457 2T432 2T414 3Q403 3 377 3T327 1L304 0H295V46H298Q309 46 320 51T331 63Q331 65 291 120L250 175Q249 174 219 133T185 88Q181 83 181 74Q181 63 188 55T206 46Q208 46 208 23V0H201Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mfrac" transform="translate(11462.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(220,676)"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(250,0)"></path><path data-c="4C" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q48 680 182 680Q324 680 348 683H360V637H333Q273 637 258 635T233 622L232 342V129Q232 57 237 52Q243 47 313 47Q384 47 410 53Q470 70 498 110T536 221Q536 226 537 238T540 261T542 272T562 273H582V268Q580 265 568 137T554 5V0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(1083,0)"></path><path data-c="27" d="M78 634Q78 659 95 676T138 694Q166 694 189 668T212 579Q212 525 190 476T146 403T118 379Q114 379 105 388T95 401Q95 404 107 417T133 448T161 500T176 572Q176 584 175 584T170 581T157 576T139 573Q114 573 96 590T78 634Z" transform="translate(1708,0)"></path><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z" transform="translate(1986,0)"></path><path data-c="20" d="" transform="translate(2380,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(2630,0)"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(2908,0)"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(3408,0)"></path><path data-c="20" d="" transform="translate(3964,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(4214,0)"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(4492,0)"></path><path data-c="20" d="" transform="translate(5048,0)"></path><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z" transform="translate(5298,0)"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(5692,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(6192,0)"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(6470,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(7026,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(7415,0)"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(7693,0)"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(8193,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(8749,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(416.5,-686)"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(250,0)"></path><path data-c="4C" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q48 680 182 680Q324 680 348 683H360V637H333Q273 637 258 635T233 622L232 342V129Q232 57 237 52Q243 47 313 47Q384 47 410 53Q470 70 498 110T536 221Q536 226 537 238T540 261T542 272T562 273H582V268Q580 265 568 137T554 5V0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(1083,0)"></path><path data-c="27" d="M78 634Q78 659 95 676T138 694Q166 694 189 668T212 579Q212 525 190 476T146 403T118 379Q114 379 105 388T95 401Q95 404 107 417T133 448T161 500T176 572Q176 584 175 584T170 581T157 576T139 573Q114 573 96 590T78 634Z" transform="translate(1708,0)"></path><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z" transform="translate(1986,0)"></path><path data-c="20" d="" transform="translate(2380,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(2630,0)"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(3019,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(3519,0)"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(3908,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(4408,0)"></path><path data-c="20" d="" transform="translate(4686,0)"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(4936,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(5769,0)"></path><path data-c="78" d="M201 0Q189 3 102 3Q26 3 17 0H11V46H25Q48 47 67 52T96 61T121 78T139 96T160 122T180 150L226 210L168 288Q159 301 149 315T133 336T122 351T113 363T107 370T100 376T94 379T88 381T80 383Q74 383 44 385H16V431H23Q59 429 126 429Q219 429 229 431H237V385Q201 381 201 369Q201 367 211 353T239 315T268 274L272 270L297 304Q329 345 329 358Q329 364 327 369T322 376T317 380T310 384L307 385H302V431H309Q324 428 408 428Q487 428 493 431H499V385H492Q443 385 411 368Q394 360 377 341T312 257L296 236L358 151Q424 61 429 57T446 50Q464 46 499 46H516V0H510H502Q494 1 482 1T457 2T432 2T414 3Q403 3 377 3T327 1L304 0H295V46H298Q309 46 320 51T331 63Q331 65 291 120L250 175Q249 174 219 133T185 88Q181 83 181 74Q181 63 188 55T206 46Q208 46 208 23V0H201Z" transform="translate(6047,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(6575,0)"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(6964,0)"></path><path data-c="72" d="M36 46H50Q89 46 97 60V68Q97 77 97 91T98 122T98 161T98 203Q98 234 98 269T98 328L97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 60 434T96 436Q112 437 131 438T160 441T171 442H174V373Q213 441 271 441H277Q322 441 343 419T364 373Q364 352 351 337T313 322Q288 322 276 338T263 372Q263 381 265 388T270 400T273 405Q271 407 250 401Q234 393 226 386Q179 341 179 207V154Q179 141 179 127T179 101T180 81T180 66V61Q181 59 183 57T188 54T193 51T200 49T207 48T216 47T225 47T235 46T245 46H276V0H267Q249 3 140 3Q37 3 28 0H20V46H36Z" transform="translate(7520,0)"></path><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z" transform="translate(7912,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(8356,0)"></path></g><rect width="9199" height="60" x="120" y="220"></rect></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>Use these concentration values to calculate the "Q" value for each mixture, and record the data in Table I. Colorless clarity (clearness) of solution indicates no precipitate. Golden cloudiness (lack of clarity) indicates formation of a precipitate.</div> <div>After the equilibration period is completed record under the " <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.603ex" height="1.91ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -694 2034.6 844"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> ?" column whether or not a precipitate has formed in each test tube. If all goes well, the mixtures of higher Q values will contain shiny, golden crystals of lead iodide, while the tubes of lower Q values will have no solid.</div> <div class="table" number="1"> <div class="caption_table">Table I</div><div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center"> <div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular"> <tbody> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">#</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">mL <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" width="5.031ex" height="2.043ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -892 2223.7 903"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1270,421.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="5.548ex" height="1.754ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 2452.1 775.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path><path data-c="4C" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q48 680 182 680Q324 680 348 683H360V637H333Q273 637 258 635T233 622L232 342V129Q232 57 237 52Q243 47 313 47Q384 47 410 53Q470 70 498 110T536 221Q536 226 537 238T540 261T542 272T562 273H582V268Q580 265 568 137T554 5V0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(833,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(1458,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(394,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="7.114ex" height="1.885ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 3144.6 833"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path><path data-c="4C" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q48 680 182 680Q324 680 348 683H360V637H333Q273 637 258 635T233 622L232 342V129Q232 57 237 52Q243 47 313 47Q384 47 410 53Q470 70 498 110T536 221Q536 226 537 238T540 261T542 272T562 273H582V268Q580 265 568 137T554 5V0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(833,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1458,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(2644.6,0)"><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">[ <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" width="5.031ex" height="2.043ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -892 2223.7 903"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1270,421.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> ]</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" width="3.066ex" height="1.86ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -822.3 1355.1 822.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(361,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(755,410.1) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>]</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Q</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="4.603ex" height="1.91ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -694 2034.6 844"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> ?</td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">4.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">3.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">4</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">4.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.50</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">5.50</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">6</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.20</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.50</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">6.30</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">7</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.25</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">6.75</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">8</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">2.50</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">6.50</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> <tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;"> <td style="text-align: left; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">9</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">1.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">8.00</td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> <td style="text-align: left; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; " class="_empty"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> </div> <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="data-treatment-and-report" class="section-title"> Data treatment and report</h2> <div>A single-page report will be submitted for this experiment. Under a full heading, recreate the completed data entries of Table I. Be sure to indicate which test tubes contain precipitates of lead iodide. Identify the smallest value mixture containing a precipitate and the largest Q value test tube which has no solid crystals. The <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> for lead iodide should lie within these two Q values, so report the experimental value of <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> within this range, as:</div> <div><span class="math-block "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="54.684ex" height="2.245ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 24170.4 992.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path><path data-c="51" d="M56 341Q56 499 157 602T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 275 703 218T660 127T603 63T555 25T525 9Q524 8 524 8H523Q524 5 526 -1T537 -21T555 -47T581 -67T615 -76Q653 -76 678 -56T706 -3Q707 10 716 10Q721 10 728 5L727 -13Q727 -88 697 -140T606 -193Q563 -193 538 -166T498 -83Q483 -23 483 -8L471 -11Q459 -14 435 -18T388 -22Q254 -22 155 81T56 341ZM607 339Q607 429 586 496T531 598T461 649T390 665T318 649T248 598T192 496T170 339Q170 143 277 57Q301 39 305 39L304 42Q304 44 304 46Q301 53 301 68Q301 101 325 128T391 155Q454 155 495 70L501 58Q549 91 578 164Q607 234 607 339ZM385 18Q404 18 425 23T459 33T472 40Q471 47 468 57T449 88T412 115Q398 117 386 117Q367 117 353 102T338 67Q338 48 351 33T385 18Z" transform="translate(250,0)"></path><path data-c="20" d="" transform="translate(1028,0)"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(1278,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(2111,0)"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(2389,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(2945,0)"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(3223,0)"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(4056,0)"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(4612,0)"></path><path data-c="20" d="" transform="translate(5445,0)"></path><path data-c="77" d="M90 368Q84 378 76 380T40 385H18V431H24L43 430Q62 430 84 429T116 428Q206 428 221 431H229V385H215Q177 383 177 368Q177 367 221 239L265 113L339 328L333 345Q323 374 316 379Q308 384 278 385H258V431H264Q270 428 348 428Q439 428 454 431H461V385H452Q404 385 404 369Q404 366 418 324T449 234T481 143L496 100L537 219Q579 341 579 347Q579 363 564 373T530 385H522V431H529Q541 428 624 428Q692 428 698 431H703V385H697Q696 385 691 385T682 384Q635 377 619 334L559 161Q546 124 528 71Q508 12 503 1T487 -11H479Q460 -11 456 -4Q455 -3 407 133L361 267Q359 263 266 -4Q261 -11 243 -11H238Q225 -11 220 -3L90 368Z" transform="translate(5695,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(6417,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(6695,0)"></path><path data-c="68" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 124T102 167T103 217T103 272T103 329Q103 366 103 407T103 482T102 542T102 586T102 603Q99 622 88 628T43 637H25V660Q25 683 27 683L37 684Q47 685 66 686T103 688Q120 689 140 690T170 693T181 694H184V367Q244 442 328 442Q451 442 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(7084,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(7640,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(7890,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(10202.3,0)"><path data-c="3E" d="M84 520Q84 528 88 533T96 539L99 540Q106 540 253 471T544 334L687 265Q694 260 694 250T687 235Q685 233 395 96L107 -40H101Q83 -38 83 -20Q83 -19 83 -17Q82 -10 98 -1Q117 9 248 71Q326 108 378 132L626 250L378 368Q90 504 86 509Q84 513 84 520Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(11258.1,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(13068.6,0)"><path data-c="3E" d="M84 520Q84 528 88 533T96 539L99 540Q106 540 253 471T544 334L687 265Q694 260 694 250T687 235Q685 233 395 96L107 -40H101Q83 -38 83 -20Q83 -19 83 -17Q82 -10 98 -1Q117 9 248 71Q326 108 378 132L626 250L378 368Q90 504 86 509Q84 513 84 520Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(14124.4,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="51" d="M56 341Q56 499 157 602T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 275 703 218T660 127T603 63T555 25T525 9Q524 8 524 8H523Q524 5 526 -1T537 -21T555 -47T581 -67T615 -76Q653 -76 678 -56T706 -3Q707 10 716 10Q721 10 728 5L727 -13Q727 -88 697 -140T606 -193Q563 -193 538 -166T498 -83Q483 -23 483 -8L471 -11Q459 -14 435 -18T388 -22Q254 -22 155 81T56 341ZM607 339Q607 429 586 496T531 598T461 649T390 665T318 649T248 598T192 496T170 339Q170 143 277 57Q301 39 305 39L304 42Q304 44 304 46Q301 53 301 68Q301 101 325 128T391 155Q454 155 495 70L501 58Q549 91 578 164Q607 234 607 339ZM385 18Q404 18 425 23T459 33T472 40Q471 47 468 57T449 88T412 115Q398 117 386 117Q367 117 353 102T338 67Q338 48 351 33T385 18Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path><path data-c="61" d="M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z" transform="translate(833,0)"></path><path data-c="78" d="M201 0Q189 3 102 3Q26 3 17 0H11V46H25Q48 47 67 52T96 61T121 78T139 96T160 122T180 150L226 210L168 288Q159 301 149 315T133 336T122 351T113 363T107 370T100 376T94 379T88 381T80 383Q74 383 44 385H16V431H23Q59 429 126 429Q219 429 229 431H237V385Q201 381 201 369Q201 367 211 353T239 315T268 274L272 270L297 304Q329 345 329 358Q329 364 327 369T322 376T317 380T310 384L307 385H302V431H309Q324 428 408 428Q487 428 493 431H499V385H492Q443 385 411 368Q394 360 377 341T312 257L296 236L358 151Q424 61 429 57T446 50Q464 46 499 46H516V0H510H502Q494 1 482 1T457 2T432 2T414 3Q403 3 377 3T327 1L304 0H295V46H298Q309 46 320 51T331 63Q331 65 291 120L250 175Q249 174 219 133T185 88Q181 83 181 74Q181 63 188 55T206 46Q208 46 208 23V0H201Z" transform="translate(1333,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(1861,0)"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(2139,0)"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(2972,0)"></path><path data-c="6D" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q351 442 364 440T387 434T406 426T421 417T432 406T441 395T448 384T452 374T455 366L457 361L460 365Q463 369 466 373T475 384T488 397T503 410T523 422T546 432T572 439T603 442Q729 442 740 329Q741 322 741 190V104Q741 66 743 59T754 49Q775 46 803 46H819V0H811L788 1Q764 2 737 2T699 3Q596 3 587 0H579V46H595Q656 46 656 62Q657 64 657 200Q656 335 655 343Q649 371 635 385T611 402T585 404Q540 404 506 370Q479 343 472 315T464 232V168V108Q464 78 465 68T468 55T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(3528,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(4361,0)"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(18245.9,0)"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path><path data-c="77" d="M90 368Q84 378 76 380T40 385H18V431H24L43 430Q62 430 84 429T116 428Q206 428 221 431H229V385H215Q177 383 177 368Q177 367 221 239L265 113L339 328L333 345Q323 374 316 379Q308 384 278 385H258V431H264Q270 428 348 428Q439 428 454 431H461V385H452Q404 385 404 369Q404 366 418 324T449 234T481 143L496 100L537 219Q579 341 579 347Q579 363 564 373T530 385H522V431H529Q541 428 624 428Q692 428 698 431H703V385H697Q696 385 691 385T682 384Q635 377 619 334L559 161Q546 124 528 71Q508 12 503 1T487 -11H479Q460 -11 456 -4Q455 -3 407 133L361 267Q359 263 266 -4Q261 -11 243 -11H238Q225 -11 220 -3L90 368Z" transform="translate(250,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z" transform="translate(972,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(1250,0)"></path><path data-c="68" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 124T102 167T103 217T103 272T103 329Q103 366 103 407T103 482T102 542T102 586T102 603Q99 622 88 628T43 637H25V660Q25 683 27 683L37 684Q47 685 66 686T103 688Q120 689 140 690T170 693T181 694H184V367Q244 442 328 442Q451 442 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z" transform="translate(1639,0)"></path><path data-c="6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z" transform="translate(2195,0)"></path><path data-c="75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z" transform="translate(2695,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z" transform="translate(3251,0)"></path><path data-c="A0" d="" transform="translate(3640,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(22135.9,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="50" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H214Q237 683 276 683T331 684Q419 684 471 671T567 616Q624 563 624 489Q624 421 573 372T451 307Q429 302 328 301H234V181Q234 62 237 58Q245 47 304 46H337V0H326Q305 3 182 3Q47 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM507 488Q507 514 506 528T500 564T483 597T450 620T397 635Q385 637 307 637H286Q237 637 234 628Q231 624 231 483V342H302H339Q390 342 423 349T481 382Q507 411 507 488Z"></path><path data-c="62" d="M307 -11Q234 -11 168 55L158 37Q156 34 153 28T147 17T143 10L138 1L118 0H98V298Q98 599 97 603Q94 622 83 628T38 637H20V660Q20 683 22 683L32 684Q42 685 61 686T98 688Q115 689 135 690T165 693T176 694H179V543Q179 391 180 391L183 394Q186 397 192 401T207 411T228 421T254 431T286 439T323 442Q401 442 461 379T522 216Q522 115 458 52T307 -11ZM182 98Q182 97 187 90T196 79T206 67T218 55T233 44T250 35T271 29T295 26Q330 26 363 46T412 113Q424 148 424 212Q424 287 412 323Q385 405 300 405Q270 405 239 390T188 347L182 339V98Z" transform="translate(681,0)"></path><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z" transform="translate(1237,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1631,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div> <div>Look up the actual <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> for lead iodide in a textbook or other reference book, list this value as "literature <span class="math-inline "> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.65ex;" width="3.468ex" height="2.195ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 1532.8 970.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4B" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H313Q235 637 233 620Q232 618 232 462L233 307L379 449Q425 494 479 546Q518 584 524 591T531 607V608Q531 630 503 636Q501 636 498 636T493 637H489V683H499Q517 680 630 680Q704 680 716 683H722V637H708Q633 633 589 597Q584 592 495 506T406 419T515 254T631 80Q644 60 662 54T715 46H736V0H728Q719 3 615 3Q493 3 472 0H461V46H469Q515 46 515 72Q515 78 512 84L336 351Q332 348 278 296L232 251V156Q232 62 235 58Q243 47 302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> " in the report, and cite your source.</div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <p><small>Converted for LibreTexts accessibility compliance</small></p> </footer>
💾 Save to sandbox
Reset