Review_10ANS

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            <p><a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chem101/02:_Homework/Review_10ANS#">Chemistry 101: General Chemistry I</a> &gt; <a href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/chem101/02:_Homework/Review_10ANS#">Homework</a></p>
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        <h1>Review 10ANS</h1>
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      <h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="review-questions" class="section-title">
REVIEW QUESTIONS</h2>
<div>Chapter 10</div>
<ol>
<li>Draw Lewis structures and determine the molecular geometry of each molecule or ion shown below:<br />
A) <span class="math-inline ">
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<figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/323a7486-d50a-42d8-a99e-3e657829e79d-1.jpg?height=114&amp;width=781&amp;top_left_y=653&amp;top_left_x=803" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure><br />
B) <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="4.067ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 1797.6 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z" transform="translate(361,0)"></path><path data-c="6C" d="M42 46H56Q95 46 103 60V68Q103 77 103 91T103 124T104 167T104 217T104 272T104 329Q104 366 104 407T104 482T104 542T103 586T103 603Q100 622 89 628T44 637H26V660Q26 683 28 683L38 684Q48 685 67 686T104 688Q121 689 141 690T171 693T182 694H185V379Q185 62 186 60Q190 52 198 49Q219 46 247 46H263V0H255L232 1Q209 2 183 2T145 3T107 3T57 1L34 0H26V46H42Z" transform="translate(1083,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1394,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> 28 electrons<br />
<figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/323a7486-d50a-42d8-a99e-3e657829e79d-1.jpg?height=196&amp;width=1043&amp;top_left_y=941&amp;top_left_x=786" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure><br />
C) <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="9.628ex" height="1.878ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -680 4255.6 830"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="54" d="M36 443Q37 448 46 558T55 671V677H666V671Q667 666 676 556T685 443V437H645V443Q645 445 642 478T631 544T610 593Q593 614 555 625Q534 630 478 630H451H443Q417 630 414 618Q413 616 413 339V63Q420 53 439 50T528 46H558V0H545L361 3Q186 1 177 0H164V46H194Q264 46 283 49T309 63V339V550Q309 620 304 625T271 630H244H224Q154 630 119 601Q101 585 93 554T81 486T76 443V437H36V443Z"></path><path data-c="65" d="M28 218Q28 273 48 318T98 391T163 433T229 448Q282 448 320 430T378 380T406 316T415 245Q415 238 408 231H126V216Q126 68 226 36Q246 30 270 30Q312 30 342 62Q359 79 369 104L379 128Q382 131 395 131H398Q415 131 415 121Q415 117 412 108Q393 53 349 21T250 -11Q155 -11 92 58T28 218ZM333 275Q322 403 238 411H236Q228 411 220 410T195 402T166 381T143 340T127 274V267H333V275Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z" transform="translate(1166,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1852,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mstyle" transform="translate(2255.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(3255.6,0)"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> electrons<br />
<figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/323a7486-d50a-42d8-a99e-3e657829e79d-1.jpg?height=300&amp;width=974&amp;top_left_y=1284&amp;top_left_x=743" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></li>
<li>Give approximate value for each bond indicated in the molecules shown below:</li>
</ol>
<div>(a)<br />
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<div>(c)<br />
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                font: 5px Droid Sans, sans-serif;
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                font: 5px Droid Sans, sans-serif;
            "></text></g></svg></div></div>
<div>109.5</div>
<div>(b)<br />
<div class="smiles-inline" style="display: inline-block;"><svg id="smiles-mjrsfh1yz6g6yra5rg" viewbox="0 0 294 77.13762265129657" style="width: 294.3900801585576px; height: 77.13762265129657px; overflow: visible;"><defs><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1yz6g6yra5rg-1" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="201.852075456888" y1="28.05009812104109" x2="238.29008015855763" y2="49.087622651296584"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1yz6g6yra5rg-3" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="165.41404243011365" y1="49.08757359077603" x2="201.852075456888" y2="28.05009812104109"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1yz6g6yra5rg-5" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="128.976037728444" y1="28.050049060520536" x2="165.41404243011365" y2="49.08757359077603"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1yz6g6yra5rg-7" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="92.53800470166962" y1="49.08752453025548" x2="128.976037728444" y2="28.050049060520536"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1yz6g6yra5rg-9" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="55.95704605472097" y1="36.71259329932607" x2="85.10744981605667" y2="53.54261292353047"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1yz6g6yra5rg-11" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="56.099999999999994" y1="28.049999999999983" x2="92.53800470166962" y2="49.08752453025548"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient></defs><mask id="text-mask-mjrsfh1yz6g6yra5rg"><rect x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" fill="white"></rect><circle cx="56.099999999999994" cy="28.049999999999983" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle></mask><style>/*<![CDATA[*/
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                font: 5px Droid Sans, sans-serif;
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                font: 5px Droid Sans, sans-serif;
            "></text><text x="165.41404243011365" y="49.08757359077603" class="debug" fill="#ff0000" style="
                font: 5px Droid Sans, sans-serif;
            "></text><text x="128.976037728444" y="28.050049060520536" class="debug" fill="#ff0000" style="
                font: 5px Droid Sans, sans-serif;
            "></text><text x="92.53800470166962" y="49.08752453025548" class="debug" fill="#ff0000" style="
                font: 5px Droid Sans, sans-serif;
            "></text><text x="63.1125" y="35.062499999999986" class="element-mjrsfh1yz6g6yra5rg" fill="currentColor" style="text-anchor: start; writing-mode: horizontal-tb; text-orientation: mixed; letter-spacing: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;"><tspan>O</tspan></text><text x="56.099999999999994" y="28.049999999999983" class="debug" fill="#ff0000" style="
                font: 5px Droid Sans, sans-serif;
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<div>(d)<br />
<div class="smiles-inline" style="display: inline-block;"><svg id="smiles-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16" viewbox="0 0 331 98.17514718155212" style="width: 330.8280848602273px; height: 98.17514718155212px; overflow: visible;"><defs><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-1" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="238.29008015855763" y1="49.08762265129661" x2="274.7280848602273" y2="70.12514718155211"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-3" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="201.85204713178328" y1="70.12509812103156" x2="238.29008015855763" y2="49.08762265129661"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-5" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="165.41404243011362" y1="49.08757359077606" x2="201.85204713178328" y2="70.12509812103156"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-7" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="128.97600940333925" y1="70.125049060511" x2="165.41404243011362" y2="49.08757359077606"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-9" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="92.53800470166962" y1="49.08752453025551" x2="128.97600940333925" y2="70.125049060511"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-11" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="58.62450294363065" y1="23.67743943579967" x2="95.06250764530029" y2="44.714963966055166"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-13" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="53.575497056369336" y1="32.42256056420035" x2="90.01350175803897" y2="53.46008509445585"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-15" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="56.099999999999994" y1="28.05000000000001" x2="92.53800470166962" y2="49.08752453025551"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient></defs><mask id="text-mask-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16"><rect x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" fill="white"></rect><circle cx="56.099999999999994" cy="28.05000000000001" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle></mask><style>/*<![CDATA[*/
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            /*]]>*/</style><g mask="url(#text-mask-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16)"><line x1="238.29008015855763" y1="49.08762265129661" x2="274.7280848602273" y2="70.12514718155211" style="stroke-linecap:round;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-width:1.6829999999999998" stroke="url('#line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-1')"></line><line x1="201.85204713178328" y1="70.12509812103156" x2="238.29008015855763" y2="49.08762265129661" style="stroke-linecap:round;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-width:1.6829999999999998" stroke="url('#line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-3')"></line><line x1="165.41404243011362" y1="49.08757359077606" x2="201.85204713178328" y2="70.12509812103156" style="stroke-linecap:round;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-width:1.6829999999999998" stroke="url('#line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-5')"></line><line x1="128.97600940333925" y1="70.125049060511" x2="165.41404243011362" y2="49.08757359077606" style="stroke-linecap:round;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-width:1.6829999999999998" stroke="url('#line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-7')"></line><line x1="92.53800470166962" y1="49.08752453025551" x2="128.97600940333925" y2="70.125049060511" style="stroke-linecap:round;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-width:1.6829999999999998" stroke="url('#line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-9')"></line><line x1="58.62450294363065" y1="23.67743943579967" x2="95.06250764530029" y2="44.714963966055166" style="stroke-linecap:round;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-width:1.6829999999999998" stroke="url('#line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-11')"></line><line x1="53.575497056369336" y1="32.42256056420035" x2="90.01350175803897" y2="53.46008509445585" style="stroke-linecap:round;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-width:1.6829999999999998" stroke="url('#line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-13')"></line><line x1="56.099999999999994" y1="28.05000000000001" x2="92.53800470166962" y2="49.08752453025551" style="stroke-linecap:round;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-width:1.6829999999999998" stroke="url('#line-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16-15')"></line></g><g><text x="274.7280848602273" y="70.12514718155211" class="debug" fill="#ff0000" style="
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            "></text><text x="201.85204713178328" y="70.12509812103156" class="debug" fill="#ff0000" style="
                font: 5px Droid Sans, sans-serif;
            "></text><text x="165.41404243011362" y="49.08757359077606" class="debug" fill="#ff0000" style="
                font: 5px Droid Sans, sans-serif;
            "></text><text x="128.97600940333925" y="70.125049060511" class="debug" fill="#ff0000" style="
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            "></text><text x="92.53800470166962" y="49.08752453025551" class="debug" fill="#ff0000" style="
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            "></text><text x="63.1125" y="35.062500000000014" class="element-mjrsfh1zanf4plihk16" fill="currentColor" style="text-anchor: start; writing-mode: horizontal-tb; text-orientation: mixed; letter-spacing: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;"><tspan>N</tspan></text><text x="56.099999999999994" y="28.05000000000001" class="debug" fill="#ff0000" style="
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3. Determine if each molecule below would be polar or non-polar. Give a brief explanation for your choices.<br />
A) <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="6.142ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 2714.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1311,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> Non-polar (linear)<br />
B) <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="8.531ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3770.6 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z" transform="translate(556,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1367,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mstyle" transform="translate(2770.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> Non-polar (trigonal planar)<br />
C) <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="3.723ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 1645.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="53" d="M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z"></path><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z" transform="translate(556,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1242,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> Polar (see-saw)<br />
D) <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="5.544ex" height="1.92ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 2450.6 848.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mstyle"><g data-mml-node="mspace"></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1000,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="49" d="M328 0Q307 3 180 3T32 0H21V46H43Q92 46 106 49T126 60Q128 63 128 342Q128 620 126 623Q122 628 118 630T96 635T43 637H21V683H32Q53 680 180 680T328 683H339V637H317Q268 637 254 634T234 623Q232 620 232 342Q232 63 234 60Q238 55 242 53T264 48T317 46H339V0H328Z"></path><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z" transform="translate(361,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1047,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="35" d="M164 157Q164 133 148 117T109 101H102Q148 22 224 22Q294 22 326 82Q345 115 345 210Q345 313 318 349Q292 382 260 382H254Q176 382 136 314Q132 307 129 306T114 304Q97 304 95 310Q93 314 93 485V614Q93 664 98 664Q100 666 102 666Q103 666 123 658T178 642T253 634Q324 634 389 662Q397 666 402 666Q410 666 410 648V635Q328 538 205 538Q174 538 149 544L139 546V374Q158 388 169 396T205 412T256 420Q337 420 393 355T449 201Q449 109 385 44T229 -22Q148 -22 99 32T50 154Q50 178 61 192T84 210T107 214Q132 214 148 197T164 157Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> Polar (square pyramidal)<br />
4. Dichloroethylene, <span class="math-inline ">
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<div class="smiles-inline" style="display: inline-block;"><svg id="smiles-mjrsfh21jt63wp3oy4d" viewbox="0 0 222 77.13757359077603" style="width: 221.51404243011365px; height: 77.13757359077603px; overflow: visible;"><defs><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh21jt63wp3oy4d-1" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="128.976037728444" y1="28.05004906052055" x2="165.41404243011365" y2="49.087573590776046"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh21jt63wp3oy4d-3" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="99.96855358889935" y1="53.54262292810138" x2="129.11898001031886" y2="36.712642552313426"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh21jt63wp3oy4d-5" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="92.53800470166962" y1="49.08752453025549" x2="128.976037728444" y2="28.05004906052055"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh21jt63wp3oy4d-7" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="56.099999999999994" y1="28.049999999999997" x2="92.53800470166962" y2="49.08752453025549"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient></defs><mask id="text-mask-mjrsfh21jt63wp3oy4d"><rect x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" fill="white"></rect><circle cx="165.41404243011365" cy="49.087573590776046" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle><circle cx="56.099999999999994" cy="28.049999999999997" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle></mask><style>/*<![CDATA[*/
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<div>(A)<br />
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<div>(B)<br />
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<div>(C)<br />
a) What is the geometry around each carbon atom in any of these molecules?</div>
<div>Since each carbon has <span class="math-inline " data-overflow="visible">
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b) Which of these molecules would you expect to be non-polar?</div>
<div>B would be expected to be non-polar, since the opposite polarities of <span class="math-inline ">
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5. The structure of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is shown below. How many pi bonds are present in this compound? How many sigma bonds? What parts of the molecule are free to rotate, and what parts are rigid?</div>
<div>21 sigma bonds<br />
5 pi bonds<br />
Rotation is possible along <span class="math-inline ">
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6. Shown below are cytosine and adenine, two bases that are important in the genetic coding. Assign a molecular geometry and hybridization to each interior atom numbered in these two bases.<br />
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<div>(b)</div>
<div class="table_tabular" style="text-align: center">
<div class="inline-tabular"><table class="tabular">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;">
<td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Atom</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Hybd.</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Molecular Geometry</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Atom</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Hybd.</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">Molecular Geometry</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;">
<td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
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<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">trigonal pyramidal</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
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<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="3.137ex" height="2.326ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.9 1386.6 1027.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">bent</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;">
<td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;" width="2.621ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 1158.6 855"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(755,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="3.137ex" height="2.326ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.9 1386.6 1027.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">trigonal planar</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="9.876ex" height="2.034ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 4365 899"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(755,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1158.6,0)"><path data-c="2C" d="M78 35T78 60T94 103T137 121Q165 121 187 96T210 8Q210 -27 201 -60T180 -117T154 -158T130 -185T117 -194Q113 -194 104 -185T95 -172Q95 -168 106 -156T131 -126T157 -76T173 -3V9L172 8Q170 7 167 6T161 3T152 1T140 0Q113 0 96 17Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1603.2,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(755,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2761.8,0)"><path data-c="2C" d="M78 35T78 60T94 103T137 121Q165 121 187 96T210 8Q210 -27 201 -60T180 -117T154 -158T130 -185T117 -194Q113 -194 104 -185T95 -172Q95 -168 106 -156T131 -126T157 -76T173 -3V9L172 8Q170 7 167 6T161 3T152 1T140 0Q113 0 96 17Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(3206.4,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(755,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="35" d="M164 157Q164 133 148 117T109 101H102Q148 22 224 22Q294 22 326 82Q345 115 345 210Q345 313 318 349Q292 382 260 382H254Q176 382 136 314Q132 307 129 306T114 304Q97 304 95 310Q93 314 93 485V614Q93 664 98 664Q100 666 102 666Q103 666 123 658T178 642T253 634Q324 634 389 662Q397 666 402 666Q410 666 410 648V635Q328 538 205 538Q174 538 149 544L139 546V374Q158 388 169 396T205 412T256 420Q337 420 393 355T449 201Q449 109 385 44T229 -22Q148 -22 99 32T50 154Q50 178 61 192T84 210T107 214Q132 214 148 197T164 157Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="3.137ex" height="2.326ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.9 1386.6 1027.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">trigonal planar</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;">
<td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
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<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">bent</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
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<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="3.137ex" height="2.326ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.9 1386.6 1027.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">trigonal planar</td>
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<tr style="border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important;">
<td style="text-align: center; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
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<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="3.137ex" height="2.326ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.9 1386.6 1027.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">trigonal planar</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
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<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; "><span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="3.137ex" height="2.324ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -833.2 1386.6 1027.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-top: none !important; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; ">trigonal pyramidal</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div></div>
<ol start="7">
<li>Which hybridization schemes allow the formation of at least one pi bond? Briefly explain why.</li>
</ol>
<div>Sp and <span class="math-inline ">
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<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="1.446ex" height="1.457ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -450 639 644"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D429" d="M32 442L123 446Q214 450 215 450H221V409Q222 409 229 413T251 423T284 436T328 446T382 450Q480 450 540 388T600 223Q600 128 539 61T361 -6H354Q292 -6 236 28L227 34V-132H296V-194H287Q269 -191 163 -191Q56 -191 38 -194H29V-132H98V113V284Q98 330 97 348T93 370T83 376Q69 380 42 380H29V442H32ZM457 224Q457 303 427 349T350 395Q282 395 235 352L227 345V104L233 97Q274 45 337 45Q383 45 420 86T457 224Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> orbital to make a pi bond.<br />
8. There are two compounds with the formula <span class="math-inline ">
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Structure A is called cisplatin and is used in cancer therapy. Both molecules have square-planar geometry. Which structure do you expect to be polar? Explain.<br />
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<div>(A)<br />
<div class="smiles-inline" style="display: inline-block;"><svg id="smiles-mjrsfh2dz1lm5mrdxlm" viewbox="0 0 196 140.24999999999153" style="width: 196.34999999999152px; height: 140.24999999999153px; overflow: visible;"><defs><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh2dz1lm5mrdxlm-1" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="98.17499999999575" y1="70.12499999999577" x2="140.24999999999153" y2="70.12501888339892"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh2dz1lm5mrdxlm-3" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="56.099999999999994" y1="70.1249811165926" x2="98.17499999999575" y2="70.12499999999577"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh2dz1lm5mrdxlm-5" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="98.17499999999575" y1="70.12499999999577" x2="98.1750188833989" y2="28.049999999999997"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient><lineargradient id="line-mjrsfh2dz1lm5mrdxlm-7" gradientunits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="98.17498111659259" y1="112.19999999999152" x2="98.17499999999575" y2="70.12499999999577"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></lineargradient></defs><mask id="text-mask-mjrsfh2dz1lm5mrdxlm"><rect x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" fill="white"></rect><circle cx="140.24999999999153" cy="70.12501888339892" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle><circle cx="98.17499999999575" cy="70.12499999999577" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle><circle cx="56.099999999999994" cy="70.1249811165926" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle><circle cx="98.1750188833989" cy="28.049999999999997" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle><circle cx="98.17498111659259" cy="112.19999999999152" r="10.518749999999999" fill="black"></circle></mask><style>/*<![CDATA[*/
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<div>(B)</div>
<div>Since both molecules have square planar geometry, the opposite polarities of <span class="math-inline ">
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9. Butadiene, <span class="math-inline ">
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<div><span class="math-block ">
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680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(4936.3,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(5936.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 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704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1505,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" 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<div>Determine the bond angle around each carbon and sketch the molecule showing its actual structure. Is this molecule planar or not? (Hint: build a model).<br />
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<div>Based on the Lewis structure (above), each carbon has a trigonal planar geometry and an angle of <span class="math-inline ">
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<div>Since all the carbons are trigonal planar geometry, the entire molecule is therefore planar.<br />
10. Each ball-and-stick model below shows the electron-pair and molecular geometry of a generic molecule. Explain what is wrong with each molecular geometry and provide the correct molecular geometry based on the number of lone and bonding pairs around the central atom.</div>
<div class="table" number="1">
<div class="figure_img" style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/323a7486-d50a-42d8-a99e-3e657829e79d-5.jpg?height=293&amp;width=326&amp;top_left_y=459&amp;top_left_x=691" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;" /></div><div class="caption_figure">(a)</div></div>
<div class="table" number="2">
<div class="figure_img" style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/323a7486-d50a-42d8-a99e-3e657829e79d-5.jpg?height=279&amp;width=274&amp;top_left_y=476&amp;top_left_x=1091" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;" /></div><div class="caption_figure">(b)</div></div>
<div class="table" number="3">
<div class="figure_img" style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/323a7486-d50a-42d8-a99e-3e657829e79d-5.jpg?height=323&amp;width=297&amp;top_left_y=442&amp;top_left_x=1437" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;" /></div><div class="caption_figure">(c)</div></div>
<div>(a) Molecular geometry for a central atom with 2 lone pairs and 2 bonding pairs of electron should be bent (not linear as shown).<br />
(b) Molecular geometry for a central atom with 3 lone pairs and 2 bonding pairs of electron should be linear (not bent as shown).<br />
(c) Molecular geometry for a central atom with one lone pair and 5 bonding pairs of electrons should be square pyramidal (not trigonal bipyramidal as shown).<br />
11. Draw the Lewis structure for acetamide ( <span class="math-inline ">
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<figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/323a7486-d50a-42d8-a99e-3e657829e79d-5.jpg?height=802&amp;width=1230&amp;top_left_y=1568&amp;top_left_x=605" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure><br />
12. Identify the hybridization and write the bonding schemes for each molecule or ion shown below. Label the bonds using notation discussed in class.<br />
a) <span class="math-inline ">
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<figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/323a7486-d50a-42d8-a99e-3e657829e79d-6.jpg?height=256&amp;width=336&amp;top_left_y=481&amp;top_left_x=571" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure><br />
<span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.014ex;" width="2.625ex" height="1.768ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1160.1 781.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D41E" d="M32 225Q32 332 102 392T272 452H283Q382 452 436 401Q494 343 494 243Q494 226 486 222T440 217Q431 217 394 217T327 218H175V209Q175 177 179 154T196 107T236 69T306 50Q312 49 323 49Q376 49 410 85Q421 99 427 111T434 127T442 133T463 135H468Q494 135 494 117Q494 110 489 97T468 66T431 32T373 5T292 -6Q181 -6 107 55T32 225ZM383 276Q377 346 348 374T280 402Q253 402 230 390T195 357Q179 331 176 279V266H383V276Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(560,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>pair geometry: trigonal pyramidal hybridization: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="3.581ex" height="2.308ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -826.2 1582.6 1020.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D42C" d="M38 315Q38 339 45 360T70 404T127 440T223 453Q273 453 320 436L338 445L357 453H366Q380 453 383 447T386 403V387V355Q386 331 383 326T365 321H355H349Q333 321 329 324T324 341Q317 406 224 406H216Q123 406 123 353Q123 334 143 321T188 304T244 294T285 286Q305 281 325 273T373 237T412 172Q414 162 414 142Q414 -6 230 -6Q154 -6 117 22L68 -6H58Q44 -6 41 0T38 42V73Q38 85 38 101T37 122Q37 144 42 148T68 153H75Q87 153 91 151T97 147T103 132Q131 46 220 46H230Q257 46 265 47Q330 58 330 108Q330 127 316 142Q300 156 284 162Q271 168 212 178T122 202Q38 243 38 315Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(454,0)"><path data-c="1D429" d="M32 442L123 446Q214 450 215 450H221V409Q222 409 229 413T251 423T284 436T328 446T382 450Q480 450 540 388T600 223Q600 128 539 61T361 -6H354Q292 -6 236 28L227 34V-132H296V-194H287Q269 -191 163 -191Q56 -191 38 -194H29V-132H98V113V284Q98 330 97 348T93 370T83 376Q69 380 42 380H29V442H32ZM457 224Q457 303 427 349T350 395Q282 395 235 352L227 345V104L233 97Q274 45 337 45Q383 45 420 86T457 224Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1126,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D1" d="M80 503Q80 565 133 610T274 655Q366 655 421 623T491 538Q493 528 493 510Q493 446 453 407T361 348L376 344Q452 324 489 281T526 184Q526 152 514 121T474 58T392 8T265 -11Q175 -11 111 34T48 152Q50 187 72 209T132 232Q171 232 193 208T216 147Q216 136 214 126T207 108T197 94T187 84T178 77T170 72L168 71Q168 70 179 65T215 54T266 48H270Q331 48 350 105Q358 128 358 185Q358 239 348 268T309 313Q292 321 242 322Q205 322 198 324T191 341V348Q191 366 196 369T232 375Q239 375 247 376T260 377T268 378Q284 383 297 393T326 436T341 517Q341 536 339 547T331 573T308 593T266 600Q248 600 241 599Q214 593 183 576Q234 556 234 503Q234 462 210 444T157 426Q126 426 103 446T80 503Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br />
bonding scheme: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;" width="2.423ex" height="1.554ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -665 1071 687"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="1D70E" d="M184 -11Q116 -11 74 34T31 147Q31 247 104 333T274 430Q275 431 414 431H552Q553 430 555 429T559 427T562 425T565 422T567 420T569 416T570 412T571 407T572 401Q572 357 507 357Q500 357 490 357T476 358H416L421 348Q439 310 439 263Q439 153 359 71T184 -11ZM361 278Q361 358 276 358Q152 358 115 184Q114 180 114 178Q106 141 106 117Q106 67 131 47T188 26Q242 26 287 73Q316 103 334 153T356 233T361 278Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> bonds: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.791ex;" width="15.187ex" height="2.713ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -849.5 6712.7 1199"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D446" d="M308 24Q367 24 416 76T466 197Q466 260 414 284Q308 311 278 321T236 341Q176 383 176 462Q176 523 208 573T273 648Q302 673 343 688T407 704H418H425Q521 704 564 640Q565 640 577 653T603 682T623 704Q624 704 627 704T632 705Q645 705 645 698T617 577T585 459T569 456Q549 456 549 465Q549 471 550 475Q550 478 551 494T553 520Q553 554 544 579T526 616T501 641Q465 662 419 662Q362 662 313 616T263 510Q263 480 278 458T319 427Q323 425 389 408T456 390Q490 379 522 342T554 242Q554 216 546 186Q541 164 528 137T492 78T426 18T332 -20Q320 -22 298 -22Q199 -22 144 33L134 44L106 13Q83 -14 78 -18T65 -22Q52 -22 52 -14Q52 -11 110 221Q112 227 130 227H143Q149 221 149 216Q149 214 148 207T144 186T142 153Q144 114 160 87T203 47T255 29T308 24Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(811.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="28" d="M152 251Q152 646 388 850H416Q422 844 422 841Q422 837 403 816T357 753T302 649T255 482T236 250Q236 124 255 19T301 -147T356 -251T403 -315T422 -340Q422 -343 416 -349H388Q359 -325 332 -296T271 -213T212 -97T170 56T152 251Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(458,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D42C" d="M38 315Q38 339 45 360T70 404T127 440T223 453Q273 453 320 436L338 445L357 453H366Q380 453 383 447T386 403V387V355Q386 331 383 326T365 321H355H349Q333 321 329 324T324 341Q317 406 224 406H216Q123 406 123 353Q123 334 143 321T188 304T244 294T285 286Q305 281 325 273T373 237T412 172Q414 162 414 142Q414 -6 230 -6Q154 -6 117 22L68 -6H58Q44 -6 41 0T38 42V73Q38 85 38 101T37 122Q37 144 42 148T68 153H75Q87 153 91 151T97 147T103 132Q131 46 220 46H230Q257 46 265 47Q330 58 330 108Q330 127 316 142Q300 156 284 162Q271 168 212 178T122 202Q38 243 38 315Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(454,0)"><path data-c="1D429" d="M32 442L123 446Q214 450 215 450H221V409Q222 409 229 413T251 423T284 436T328 446T382 450Q480 450 540 388T600 223Q600 128 539 61T361 -6H354Q292 -6 236 28L227 34V-132H296V-194H287Q269 -191 163 -191Q56 -191 38 -194H29V-132H98V113V284Q98 330 97 348T93 370T83 376Q69 380 42 380H29V442H32ZM457 224Q457 303 427 349T350 395Q282 395 235 352L227 345V104L233 97Q274 45 337 45Q383 45 420 86T457 224Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1126,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D1" d="M80 503Q80 565 133 610T274 655Q366 655 421 623T491 538Q493 528 493 510Q493 446 453 407T361 348L376 344Q452 324 489 281T526 184Q526 152 514 121T474 58T392 8T265 -11Q175 -11 111 34T48 152Q50 187 72 209T132 232Q171 232 193 208T216 147Q216 136 214 126T207 108T197 94T187 84T178 77T170 72L168 71Q168 70 179 65T215 54T266 48H270Q331 48 350 105Q358 128 358 185Q358 239 348 268T309 313Q292 321 242 322Q205 322 198 324T191 341V348Q191 366 196 369T232 375Q239 375 247 376T260 377T268 378Q284 383 297 393T326 436T341 517Q341 536 339 547T331 573T308 593T266 600Q248 600 241 599Q214 593 183 576Q234 556 234 503Q234 462 210 444T157 426Q126 426 103 446T80 503Z"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2040.6,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="29" d="M305 251Q305 -145 69 -349H56Q43 -349 39 -347T35 -338Q37 -333 60 -307T108 -239T160 -136T204 27T221 250T204 473T160 636T108 740T60 807T35 839Q35 850 50 850H56H69Q197 743 256 566Q305 425 305 251Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3532.5,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(4532.7,0)"><path data-c="1D442" d="M740 435Q740 320 676 213T511 42T304 -22Q207 -22 138 35T51 201Q50 209 50 244Q50 346 98 438T227 601Q351 704 476 704Q514 704 524 703Q621 689 680 617T740 435ZM637 476Q637 565 591 615T476 665Q396 665 322 605Q242 542 200 428T157 216Q157 126 200 73T314 19Q404 19 485 98T608 313Q637 408 637 476Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(5295.7,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(5684.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D429" d="M32 442L123 446Q214 450 215 450H221V409Q222 409 229 413T251 423T284 436T328 446T382 450Q480 450 540 388T600 223Q600 128 539 61T361 -6H354Q292 -6 236 28L227 34V-132H296V-194H287Q269 -191 163 -191Q56 -191 38 -194H29V-132H98V113V284Q98 330 97 348T93 370T83 376Q69 380 42 380H29V442H32ZM457 224Q457 303 427 349T350 395Q282 395 235 352L227 345V104L233 97Q274 45 337 45Q383 45 420 86T457 224Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(6323.7,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br />
(Note: the resonance structure for this molecule which contains one double bond between <span class="math-inline " data-overflow="visible">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;" width="1.459ex" height="1.645ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 645 727"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D446" d="M308 24Q367 24 416 76T466 197Q466 260 414 284Q308 311 278 321T236 341Q176 383 176 462Q176 523 208 573T273 648Q302 673 343 688T407 704H418H425Q521 704 564 640Q565 640 577 653T603 682T623 704Q624 704 627 704T632 705Q645 705 645 698T617 577T585 459T569 456Q549 456 549 465Q549 471 550 475Q550 478 551 494T553 520Q553 554 544 579T526 616T501 641Q465 662 419 662Q362 662 313 616T263 510Q263 480 278 458T319 427Q323 425 389 408T456 390Q490 379 522 342T554 242Q554 216 546 186Q541 164 528 137T492 78T426 18T332 -20Q320 -22 298 -22Q199 -22 144 33L134 44L106 13Q83 -14 78 -18T65 -22Q52 -22 52 -14Q52 -11 110 221Q112 227 130 227H143Q149 221 149 216Q149 214 148 207T144 186T142 153Q144 114 160 87T203 47T255 29T308 24Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> and <span class="math-inline " data-overflow="visible">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;" width="1.726ex" height="1.643ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -704 763 726"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D442" d="M740 435Q740 320 676 213T511 42T304 -22Q207 -22 138 35T51 201Q50 209 50 244Q50 346 98 438T227 601Q351 704 476 704Q514 704 524 703Q621 689 680 617T740 435ZM637 476Q637 565 591 615T476 665Q396 665 322 605Q242 542 200 428T157 216Q157 126 200 73T314 19Q404 19 485 98T608 313Q637 408 637 476Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> is not used for bonding scheme description)<br />
b) <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="4.954ex" height="1.92ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -683 2189.6 848.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="42" d="M131 622Q124 629 120 631T104 634T61 637H28V683H229H267H346Q423 683 459 678T531 651Q574 627 599 590T624 512Q624 461 583 419T476 360L466 357Q539 348 595 302T651 187Q651 119 600 67T469 3Q456 1 242 0H28V46H61Q103 47 112 49T131 61V622ZM511 513Q511 560 485 594T416 636Q415 636 403 636T371 636T333 637Q266 637 251 636T232 628Q229 624 229 499V374H312L396 375L406 377Q410 378 417 380T442 393T474 417T499 456T511 513ZM537 188Q537 239 509 282T430 336L329 337H229V200V116Q229 57 234 52Q240 47 334 47H383Q425 47 443 53Q486 67 511 104T537 188Z"></path><path data-c="72" d="M36 46H50Q89 46 97 60V68Q97 77 97 91T98 122T98 161T98 203Q98 234 98 269T98 328L97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 60 434T96 436Q112 437 131 438T160 441T171 442H174V373Q213 441 271 441H277Q322 441 343 419T364 373Q364 352 351 337T313 322Q288 322 276 338T263 372Q263 381 265 388T270 400T273 405Q271 407 250 401Q234 393 226 386Q179 341 179 207V154Q179 141 179 127T179 101T180 81T180 66V61Q181 59 183 57T188 54T193 51T200 49T207 48T216 47T225 47T235 46T245 46H276V0H267Q249 3 140 3Q37 3 28 0H20V46H36Z" transform="translate(708,0)"></path><path data-c="46" d="M128 619Q121 626 117 628T101 631T58 634H25V680H582V676Q584 670 596 560T610 444V440H570V444Q563 493 561 501Q555 538 543 563T516 601T477 622T431 631T374 633H334H286Q252 633 244 631T233 621Q232 619 232 490V363H284Q287 363 303 363T327 364T349 367T372 373T389 385Q407 403 410 459V480H450V200H410V221Q407 276 389 296Q381 303 371 307T348 313T327 316T303 317T284 317H232V189L233 61Q240 54 245 52T270 48T333 46H360V0H348Q324 3 182 3Q51 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V619Z" transform="translate(1100,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1786,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br />
<span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.014ex;" width="2.625ex" height="1.768ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1160.1 781.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D41E" d="M32 225Q32 332 102 392T272 452H283Q382 452 436 401Q494 343 494 243Q494 226 486 222T440 217Q431 217 394 217T327 218H175V209Q175 177 179 154T196 107T236 69T306 50Q312 49 323 49Q376 49 410 85Q421 99 427 111T434 127T442 133T463 135H468Q494 135 494 117Q494 110 489 97T468 66T431 32T373 5T292 -6Q181 -6 107 55T32 225ZM383 276Q377 346 348 374T280 402Q253 402 230 390T195 357Q179 331 176 279V266H383V276Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(560,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>pair geometry: trigonal bipyramidal<br />
<figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/323a7486-d50a-42d8-a99e-3e657829e79d-6.jpg?height=321&amp;width=356&amp;top_left_y=1009&amp;top_left_x=588" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure><br />
hybridization: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="5.026ex" height="2.308ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -826.2 2221.6 1020.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D42C" d="M38 315Q38 339 45 360T70 404T127 440T223 453Q273 453 320 436L338 445L357 453H366Q380 453 383 447T386 403V387V355Q386 331 383 326T365 321H355H349Q333 321 329 324T324 341Q317 406 224 406H216Q123 406 123 353Q123 334 143 321T188 304T244 294T285 286Q305 281 325 273T373 237T412 172Q414 162 414 142Q414 -6 230 -6Q154 -6 117 22L68 -6H58Q44 -6 41 0T38 42V73Q38 85 38 101T37 122Q37 144 42 148T68 153H75Q87 153 91 151T97 147T103 132Q131 46 220 46H230Q257 46 265 47Q330 58 330 108Q330 127 316 142Q300 156 284 162Q271 168 212 178T122 202Q38 243 38 315Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(454,0)"><path data-c="1D429" d="M32 442L123 446Q214 450 215 450H221V409Q222 409 229 413T251 423T284 436T328 446T382 450Q480 450 540 388T600 223Q600 128 539 61T361 -6H354Q292 -6 236 28L227 34V-132H296V-194H287Q269 -191 163 -191Q56 -191 38 -194H29V-132H98V113V284Q98 330 97 348T93 370T83 376Q69 380 42 380H29V442H32ZM457 224Q457 303 427 349T350 395Q282 395 235 352L227 345V104L233 97Q274 45 337 45Q383 45 420 86T457 224Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1126,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D1" d="M80 503Q80 565 133 610T274 655Q366 655 421 623T491 538Q493 528 493 510Q493 446 453 407T361 348L376 344Q452 324 489 281T526 184Q526 152 514 121T474 58T392 8T265 -11Q175 -11 111 34T48 152Q50 187 72 209T132 232Q171 232 193 208T216 147Q216 136 214 126T207 108T197 94T187 84T178 77T170 72L168 71Q168 70 179 65T215 54T266 48H270Q331 48 350 105Q358 128 358 185Q358 239 348 268T309 313Q292 321 242 322Q205 322 198 324T191 341V348Q191 366 196 369T232 375Q239 375 247 376T260 377T268 378Q284 383 297 393T326 436T341 517Q341 536 339 547T331 573T308 593T266 600Q248 600 241 599Q214 593 183 576Q234 556 234 503Q234 462 210 444T157 426Q126 426 103 446T80 503Z"></path></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1582.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D41D" d="M351 686L442 690Q533 694 534 694H540V389Q540 327 540 253T539 163Q539 97 541 83T555 66Q569 62 596 62H609V31Q609 0 608 0Q588 0 510 -3T412 -6Q411 -6 411 16V38L401 31Q337 -6 265 -6Q159 -6 99 58T38 224Q38 265 51 303T92 375T165 429T272 449Q359 449 417 412V507V555Q417 597 415 607T402 620Q388 624 361 624H348V686H351ZM411 350Q362 399 291 399Q278 399 256 392T218 371Q195 351 189 320T182 238V221Q182 179 183 159T191 115T212 74Q241 46 288 46Q358 46 404 100L411 109V350Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br />
bonding scheme: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;" width="2.423ex" height="1.554ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -665 1071 687"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="1D70E" d="M184 -11Q116 -11 74 34T31 147Q31 247 104 333T274 430Q275 431 414 431H552Q553 430 555 429T559 427T562 425T565 422T567 420T569 416T570 412T571 407T572 401Q572 357 507 357Q500 357 490 357T476 358H416L421 348Q439 310 439 263Q439 153 359 71T184 -11ZM361 278Q361 358 276 358Q152 358 115 184Q114 180 114 178Q106 141 106 117Q106 67 131 47T188 26Q242 26 287 73Q316 103 334 153T356 233T361 278Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> bonds: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.791ex;" width="17.443ex" height="2.713ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -849.5 7709.7 1199"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="42" d="M131 622Q124 629 120 631T104 634T61 637H28V683H229H267H346Q423 683 459 678T531 651Q574 627 599 590T624 512Q624 461 583 419T476 360L466 357Q539 348 595 302T651 187Q651 119 600 67T469 3Q456 1 242 0H28V46H61Q103 47 112 49T131 61V622ZM511 513Q511 560 485 594T416 636Q415 636 403 636T371 636T333 637Q266 637 251 636T232 628Q229 624 229 499V374H312L396 375L406 377Q410 378 417 380T442 393T474 417T499 456T511 513ZM537 188Q537 239 509 282T430 336L329 337H229V200V116Q229 57 234 52Q240 47 334 47H383Q425 47 443 53Q486 67 511 104T537 188Z"></path><path data-c="72" d="M36 46H50Q89 46 97 60V68Q97 77 97 91T98 122T98 161T98 203Q98 234 98 269T98 328L97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 60 434T96 436Q112 437 131 438T160 441T171 442H174V373Q213 441 271 441H277Q322 441 343 419T364 373Q364 352 351 337T313 322Q288 322 276 338T263 372Q263 381 265 388T270 400T273 405Q271 407 250 401Q234 393 226 386Q179 341 179 207V154Q179 141 179 127T179 101T180 81T180 66V61Q181 59 183 57T188 54T193 51T200 49T207 48T216 47T225 47T235 46T245 46H276V0H267Q249 3 140 3Q37 3 28 0H20V46H36Z" transform="translate(708,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(1266.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="28" d="M152 251Q152 646 388 850H416Q422 844 422 841Q422 837 403 816T357 753T302 649T255 482T236 250Q236 124 255 19T301 -147T356 -251T403 -315T422 -340Q422 -343 416 -349H388Q359 -325 332 -296T271 -213T212 -97T170 56T152 251Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(458,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1844.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><path data-c="A0" d=""></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(250,0)"><path data-c="64" d="M376 495Q376 511 376 535T377 568Q377 613 367 624T316 637H298V660Q298 683 300 683L310 684Q320 685 339 686T376 688Q393 689 413 690T443 693T454 694H457V390Q457 84 458 81Q461 61 472 55T517 46H535V0Q533 0 459 -5T380 -11H373V44L365 37Q307 -11 235 -11Q158 -11 96 50T34 215Q34 315 97 378T244 442Q319 442 376 393V495ZM373 342Q328 405 260 405Q211 405 173 369Q146 341 139 305T131 211Q131 155 138 120T173 59Q203 26 251 26Q322 26 373 103V342Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(2650.6,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="29" d="M305 251Q305 -145 69 -349H56Q43 -349 39 -347T35 -338Q37 -333 60 -307T108 -239T160 -136T204 27T221 250T204 473T160 636T108 740T60 807T35 839Q35 850 50 850H56H69Q197 743 256 566Q305 425 305 251Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(4597.4,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(5597.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4F" d="M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(6375.7,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(6764.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(7320.7,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br />
c) <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;" width="8.699ex" height="1.97ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -705 3845.1 870.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(1186.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z" transform="translate(722,0)"></path><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z" transform="translate(1472,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(2255,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div>
<div>Carbon as central atom:<br />
<span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.014ex;" width="2.625ex" height="1.768ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1160.1 781.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D41E" d="M32 225Q32 332 102 392T272 452H283Q382 452 436 401Q494 343 494 243Q494 226 486 222T440 217Q431 217 394 217T327 218H175V209Q175 177 179 154T196 107T236 69T306 50Q312 49 323 49Q376 49 410 85Q421 99 427 111T434 127T442 133T463 135H468Q494 135 494 117Q494 110 489 97T468 66T431 32T373 5T292 -6Q181 -6 107 55T32 225ZM383 276Q377 346 348 374T280 402Q253 402 230 390T195 357Q179 331 176 279V266H383V276Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(560,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>pair geometry: tetrahedral<br />
hybridization: <span class="math-inline ">
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bonding scheme: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;" width="2.423ex" height="1.554ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -665 1071 687"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="1D70E" d="M184 -11Q116 -11 74 34T31 147Q31 247 104 333T274 430Q275 431 414 431H552Q553 430 555 429T559 427T562 425T565 422T567 420T569 416T570 412T571 407T572 401Q572 357 507 357Q500 357 490 357T476 358H416L421 348Q439 310 439 263Q439 153 359 71T184 -11ZM361 278Q361 358 276 358Q152 358 115 184Q114 180 114 178Q106 141 106 117Q106 67 131 47T188 26Q242 26 287 73Q316 103 334 153T356 233T361 278Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> bonds: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.791ex;" width="14.334ex" height="2.713ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -849.5 6335.7 1199"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(888.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="28" d="M152 251Q152 646 388 850H416Q422 844 422 841Q422 837 403 816T357 753T302 649T255 482T236 250Q236 124 255 19T301 -147T356 -251T403 -315T422 -340Q422 -343 416 -349H388Q359 -325 332 -296T271 -213T212 -97T170 56T152 251Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(458,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1844.6,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="29" d="M305 251Q305 -145 69 -349H56Q43 -349 39 -347T35 -338Q37 -333 60 -307T108 -239T160 -136T204 27T221 250T204 473T160 636T108 740T60 807T35 839Q35 850 50 850H56H69Q197 743 256 566Q305 425 305 251Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3413.4,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(4413.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(5163.7,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(5552.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(5946.7,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br />
<span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" width="2.593ex" height="1.507ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -655 1146 666"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7CF" d="M481 0L294 3Q136 3 109 0H96V62H227V304Q227 546 225 546Q169 529 97 529H80V591H97Q231 591 308 647L319 655H333Q355 655 359 644Q361 640 361 351V62H494V0H481Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(575,0)"><path data-c="1D70E" d="M184 -11Q116 -11 74 34T31 147Q31 247 104 333T274 430Q275 431 414 431H552Q553 430 555 429T559 427T562 425T565 422T567 420T569 416T570 412T571 407T572 401Q572 357 507 357Q500 357 490 357T476 358H416L421 348Q439 310 439 263Q439 153 359 71T184 -11ZM361 278Q361 358 276 358Q152 358 115 184Q114 180 114 178Q106 141 106 117Q106 67 131 47T188 26Q242 26 287 73Q316 103 334 153T356 233T361 278Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> bond: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.791ex;" width="17.269ex" height="2.713ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -849.5 7632.9 1199"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(888.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="28" d="M152 251Q152 646 388 850H416Q422 844 422 841Q422 837 403 816T357 753T302 649T255 482T236 250Q236 124 255 19T301 -147T356 -251T403 -315T422 -340Q422 -343 416 -349H388Q359 -325 332 -296T271 -213T212 -97T170 56T152 251Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(458,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1844.6,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="29" d="M305 251Q305 -145 69 -349H56Q43 -349 39 -347T35 -338Q37 -333 60 -307T108 -239T160 -136T204 27T221 250T204 473T160 636T108 740T60 807T35 839Q35 850 50 850H56H69Q197 743 256 566Q305 425 305 251Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3413.4,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(4413.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(5330.3,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="28" d="M152 251Q152 646 388 850H416Q422 844 422 841Q422 837 403 816T357 753T302 649T255 482T236 250Q236 124 255 19T301 -147T356 -251T403 -315T422 -340Q422 -343 416 -349H388Q359 -325 332 -296T271 -213T212 -97T170 56T152 251Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(458,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1844.6,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="29" d="M305 251Q305 -145 69 -349H56Q43 -349 39 -347T35 -338Q37 -333 60 -307T108 -239T160 -136T204 27T221 250T204 473T160 636T108 740T60 807T35 839Q35 850 50 850H56H69Q197 743 256 566Q305 425 305 251Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div>
<h2 type="section" data-unnumbered="true" id="nitrogen-as-central-atom%3A" class="section-title">
Nitrogen as central atom:</h2>
<div><span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.014ex;" width="2.625ex" height="1.768ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -775.2 1160.1 781.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D41E" d="M32 225Q32 332 102 392T272 452H283Q382 452 436 401Q494 343 494 243Q494 226 486 222T440 217Q431 217 394 217T327 218H175V209Q175 177 179 154T196 107T236 69T306 50Q312 49 323 49Q376 49 410 85Q421 99 427 111T434 127T442 133T463 135H468Q494 135 494 117Q494 110 489 97T468 66T431 32T373 5T292 -6Q181 -6 107 55T32 225ZM383 276Q377 346 348 374T280 402Q253 402 230 390T195 357Q179 331 176 279V266H383V276Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(560,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>pair geometry: trigonal pyramidal<br />
hybridization: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.439ex;" width="3.581ex" height="2.308ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -826.2 1582.6 1020.2"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D42C" d="M38 315Q38 339 45 360T70 404T127 440T223 453Q273 453 320 436L338 445L357 453H366Q380 453 383 447T386 403V387V355Q386 331 383 326T365 321H355H349Q333 321 329 324T324 341Q317 406 224 406H216Q123 406 123 353Q123 334 143 321T188 304T244 294T285 286Q305 281 325 273T373 237T412 172Q414 162 414 142Q414 -6 230 -6Q154 -6 117 22L68 -6H58Q44 -6 41 0T38 42V73Q38 85 38 101T37 122Q37 144 42 148T68 153H75Q87 153 91 151T97 147T103 132Q131 46 220 46H230Q257 46 265 47Q330 58 330 108Q330 127 316 142Q300 156 284 162Q271 168 212 178T122 202Q38 243 38 315Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(454,0)"><path data-c="1D429" d="M32 442L123 446Q214 450 215 450H221V409Q222 409 229 413T251 423T284 436T328 446T382 450Q480 450 540 388T600 223Q600 128 539 61T361 -6H354Q292 -6 236 28L227 34V-132H296V-194H287Q269 -191 163 -191Q56 -191 38 -194H29V-132H98V113V284Q98 330 97 348T93 370T83 376Q69 380 42 380H29V442H32ZM457 224Q457 303 427 349T350 395Q282 395 235 352L227 345V104L233 97Q274 45 337 45Q383 45 420 86T457 224Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(1126,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7D1" d="M80 503Q80 565 133 610T274 655Q366 655 421 623T491 538Q493 528 493 510Q493 446 453 407T361 348L376 344Q452 324 489 281T526 184Q526 152 514 121T474 58T392 8T265 -11Q175 -11 111 34T48 152Q50 187 72 209T132 232Q171 232 193 208T216 147Q216 136 214 126T207 108T197 94T187 84T178 77T170 72L168 71Q168 70 179 65T215 54T266 48H270Q331 48 350 105Q358 128 358 185Q358 239 348 268T309 313Q292 321 242 322Q205 322 198 324T191 341V348Q191 366 196 369T232 375Q239 375 247 376T260 377T268 378Q284 383 297 393T326 436T341 517Q341 536 339 547T331 573T308 593T266 600Q248 600 241 599Q214 593 183 576Q234 556 234 503Q234 462 210 444T157 426Q126 426 103 446T80 503Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br />
bonding scheme: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" width="2.423ex" height="1.532ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -666 1071 677"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="1D70E" d="M184 -11Q116 -11 74 34T31 147Q31 247 104 333T274 430Q275 431 414 431H552Q553 430 555 429T559 427T562 425T565 422T567 420T569 416T570 412T571 407T572 401Q572 357 507 357Q500 357 490 357T476 358H416L421 348Q439 310 439 263Q439 153 359 71T184 -11ZM361 278Q361 358 276 358Q152 358 115 184Q114 180 114 178Q106 141 106 117Q106 67 131 47T188 26Q242 26 287 73Q316 103 334 153T356 233T361 278Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> bonds: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.791ex;" width="14.397ex" height="2.713ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -849.5 6363.7 1199"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(916.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="28" d="M152 251Q152 646 388 850H416Q422 844 422 841Q422 837 403 816T357 753T302 649T255 482T236 250Q236 124 255 19T301 -147T356 -251T403 -315T422 -340Q422 -343 416 -349H388Q359 -325 332 -296T271 -213T212 -97T170 56T152 251Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(458,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1844.6,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="29" d="M305 251Q305 -145 69 -349H56Q43 -349 39 -347T35 -338Q37 -333 60 -307T108 -239T160 -136T204 27T221 250T204 473T160 636T108 740T60 807T35 839Q35 850 50 850H56H69Q197 743 256 566Q305 425 305 251Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3441.4,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(4441.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(5191.7,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(5580.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(5974.7,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br />
<span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" width="2.593ex" height="1.507ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -655 1146 666"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="1D7CF" d="M481 0L294 3Q136 3 109 0H96V62H227V304Q227 546 225 546Q169 529 97 529H80V591H97Q231 591 308 647L319 655H333Q355 655 359 644Q361 640 361 351V62H494V0H481Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(575,0)"><path data-c="1D70E" d="M184 -11Q116 -11 74 34T31 147Q31 247 104 333T274 430Q275 431 414 431H552Q553 430 555 429T559 427T562 425T565 422T567 420T569 416T570 412T571 407T572 401Q572 357 507 357Q500 357 490 357T476 358H416L421 348Q439 310 439 263Q439 153 359 71T184 -11ZM361 278Q361 358 276 358Q152 358 115 184Q114 180 114 178Q106 141 106 117Q106 67 131 47T188 26Q242 26 287 73Q316 103 334 153T356 233T361 278Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> bond: <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.791ex;" width="17.269ex" height="2.713ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -849.5 7632.9 1199"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(916.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="28" d="M152 251Q152 646 388 850H416Q422 844 422 841Q422 837 403 816T357 753T302 649T255 482T236 250Q236 124 255 19T301 -147T356 -251T403 -315T422 -340Q422 -343 416 -349H388Q359 -325 332 -296T271 -213T212 -97T170 56T152 251Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(458,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1844.6,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="29" d="M305 251Q305 -145 69 -349H56Q43 -349 39 -347T35 -338Q37 -333 60 -307T108 -239T160 -136T204 27T221 250T204 473T160 636T108 740T60 807T35 839Q35 850 50 850H56H69Q197 743 256 566Q305 425 305 251Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3441.4,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(4441.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="43" d="M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(5330.3,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="28" d="M152 251Q152 646 388 850H416Q422 844 422 841Q422 837 403 816T357 753T302 649T255 482T236 250Q236 124 255 19T301 -147T356 -251T403 -315T422 -340Q422 -343 416 -349H388Q359 -325 332 -296T271 -213T212 -97T170 56T152 251Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msup" transform="translate(458,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="73" d="M295 316Q295 356 268 385T190 414Q154 414 128 401Q98 382 98 349Q97 344 98 336T114 312T157 287Q175 282 201 278T245 269T277 256Q294 248 310 236T342 195T359 133Q359 71 321 31T198 -10H190Q138 -10 94 26L86 19L77 10Q71 4 65 -1L54 -11H46H42Q39 -11 33 -5V74V132Q33 153 35 157T45 162H54Q66 162 70 158T75 146T82 119T101 77Q136 26 198 26Q295 26 295 104Q295 133 277 151Q257 175 194 187T111 210Q75 227 54 256T33 318Q33 357 50 384T93 424T143 442T187 447H198Q238 447 268 432L283 424L292 431Q302 440 314 448H322H326Q329 448 335 442V310L329 304H301Q295 310 295 316Z"></path><path data-c="70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z" transform="translate(394,0)"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(983,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mn"><path data-c="33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1844.6,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="29" d="M305 251Q305 -145 69 -349H56Q43 -349 39 -347T35 -338Q37 -333 60 -307T108 -239T160 -136T204 27T221 250T204 473T160 636T108 740T60 807T35 839Q35 850 50 850H56H69Q197 743 256 566Q305 425 305 251Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span><br />
13. Shown below is the amino acid alanine. Identify the hybridization of each interior atom and write the bonding scheme for all the expanded bonds.<br />
<figure style="text-align: center"><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/323a7486-d50a-42d8-a99e-3e657829e79d-7.jpg?height=914&amp;width=1557&amp;top_left_y=483&amp;top_left_x=343" alt="" data-align="center" /></figure></div>

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