4.15:_Bioluminescence

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<p class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">Bioluminescence is the ability of living things to emit light. It is found in many marine animals, both invertebrate (e.g., some cnidarians, crustaceans, squid) and vertebrate (some fishes); some terrestrial animals (e.g., fireflies, some centipedes); and some fungi and bacteria. The molecular details vary from organism to organism, but each involves a <strong>luciferin<a title="https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemiluminescence/2%3A_Chemiluminescence_Reagents/2.03%3A_Luciferins" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemiluminescence/2%3A_Chemiluminescence_Reagents/2.03%3A_Luciferins" target="_blank" rel="external noopener nofollow" class="link-https"> </a>(</strong>a light-emitting substrate), a <strong>luciferase (</strong>an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction), ATP (the source of energy) and molecular oxygen, O<sub><font size="2">2</font></sub><font size="2">.</font></p>

<p class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">The more ATP available, the brighter the light. In fact, firefly luciferin and luciferase are commercially available for measuring the amount of ATP in biological materials. Fireflies use their flashes to attract mates. The pattern differs from species to species. In one species, the females sometimes mimic the pattern used by females of another species. When the males of the second species respond to these &quot;femmes fatales&quot;, they are eaten!</p>

<span id="How_Fireflies_Control_their_Flashing"></span><span id="How_Fireflies_Control_their_Flashing"></span><h2 style="background-color: unset;" class="lt-bio-4659">How Fireflies Control their Flashing</h2>

<p class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">Barry Trimmer and his colleagues at Tufts University have recently discovered how fireflies turn their luminescent organs (called <strong>lanterns) </strong><strong>ON</strong>.</p>

<figure><img style="width: 441px; height: 165px;" class="internal" alt="A two-panel image of a cockroach. The left panel shows the insect in normal light with a glowing band. The right panel shows the cockroach in the dark, highlighting the bright green glow." loading="lazy" width="441px" height="165px" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/10756/220px-Firefly_composite.jpg?revision=1&amp;size=bestfit&amp;width=441&amp;height=165" /><figcaption>Figure  <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="96" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="5.783ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2556 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-97-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-97-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 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display="inline"><math data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 1 2 3 4)"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="1}" data-semantic-type="punctuated" data-semantic-role="sequence" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,1,2,3,4" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\PageIndex{1};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 1 2 3 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><mn data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">4</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" 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data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">1</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>: Firefly (species unknown) captured in eastern Canada &ndash; the top picture is taken with a flash, the bottom only with the self-emitted light.  (CC SABy 3.0; <a title="Wikipedia:User:Emmanuelm" href="https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Emmanuelm" target="_blank" rel="external noopener nofollow" class="link-https">Emmanuelm</a>).</figcaption></figure>

<ul>
    <li class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">The luminescent cells of the lanterns are close to cells at the end of the <strong>tracheoles</strong> (that bring oxygen to &mdash; and take carbon dioxide away from &mdash; the insect's tissues).</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">These cells contain <strong>nitric oxide synthase</strong> (NOS), the enzyme that liberates the gas nitric oxide (<strong>NO</strong>) from arginine.</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">Nerve impulses activate the release of NO from these cells.</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">The NO diffuses into the lantern cells and inhibits cellular respiration in the mitochondria (probably by blocking the action of cytochrome c oxidase)</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">With cellular respiration inhibited, the oxygen content of the cells increases.</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">This turns on light production in the peroxisomes that contain luciferase and luciferin-ATP (the ATP is generated when the lanterns are dark).</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">The quick decay of NO probably contributes to the short duration of the flash.</li>
</ul>

<span id="Bioluminescence_in_Marine_Animals"></span><span id="Bioluminescence_in_Marine_Animals"></span><h2 style="background-color: unset;" class="lt-bio-4659">Bioluminescence in Marine Animals</h2>

<p class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">The widespread occurrence of luminescence among deep-sea animals reflects the perpetual darkness in which they live. At least one fish has its luminescent organ located at the tip of a protruding stalk and uses it as bait to lure prey within reach of its jaws. When disturbed, one species of squid emits a cloud of luminescent water instead of the ink that its shallow-water relatives use. Some marine animals that live near the surface have luminescent organs on their underside. These probably make it more difficult for predators beneath them to see them against the light background of the surface.</p>

<p class="mt-align-center lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;"><em>Fig <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="97" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="5.783ex" height="1.581ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2556 699" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-98-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-98-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-98-NCM-N-31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 572 217 588L217 82C217 64 213 52 204 47C195 42 170 39 130 39L95 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data-speech-node="true">4</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="15" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:15" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">15</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="2" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">2</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>: Bioluminescence in fish courtesy of Prof. J. W. Hastings</em></p>

<p class="lt-bio-4659" style="background-color: unset;">In the case of fishes, the light is emitted by luminescent bacteria that grow in luminescent organs. The photos show the flashlight fish, <strong><em>Photoblepharon palpebratus</em></strong>, with the lid of its luminescent organ open (left) and closed (right). The light is produced by continuously-emitting luminescent bacteria within the organs, but its display is controlled by the fish. These animals, which were photographed along reefs in the Gulf of Elat, Israel, appear to use their luminescent organs for such varied functions as: (1) attracting prey, (2) signaling other members of their species, and (3) confusing potential predators.</p>

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<hr class="autoattribution-divider" /><div class="autoattribution"><p>This page titled <a target="_blank" class="internal mt-self-link" href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/biology/04:_Cell_Metabolism/4.15:_Bioluminescence">4.15: Bioluminescence</a> is shared under a <a rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" target="_blank">CC BY  3.0</a>  license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.biology-pages.info/">John W. Kimball</a> via <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.biology-pages.info/" target="_blank">source content</a> that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.</p></div>

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