4.04:_Glycolysis

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<p class="lt-bio-4630" style="background-color: unset;">Glycolysis is the anaerobic catabolism of glucose and occurs in virtually all cells (Figure <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="96" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.532ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 677" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0px;"><defs><path id="MJX-97-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-97-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-97-NCM-N-31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 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href="#MJX-97-NCM-N-31"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 1 2 3 4)"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="1}" data-semantic-type="punctuated" data-semantic-role="sequence" data-semantic-annotation="depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,1,2,3,4" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\PageIndex{1};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 1 2 3 4" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><mn data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">4</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">4</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">1</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>). In eukaryotes, it occurs in the cytosol, where it converts a molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.</p>

<p class="lt-bio-4630" style="background-color: unset;">The free energy stored in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid is somewhat less than that in the original glucose molecule;some of this difference is captured in 2 molecules of <strong>ATP</strong>.</p>

<figure><img class="internal" alt="Diagram showing glucose breakdown: In cytosol, glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvic acid, leading to lactic acid or ethanol and CO2. In mitochondria, the citric acid cycle produces CO2 and H2O." loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/6290/Glycolysis.gif?revision=1" /><figcaption>Figure <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="98" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.532ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 677" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0px;"><defs><path id="MJX-99-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-99-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-99-NCM-N-31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 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data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="4" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:4" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">4</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">1</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>: Glycolysis</figcaption></figure>

<span id="The_Fates_of_Pyruvic_Acid"></span><span id="The_Fates_of_Pyruvic_Acid"></span><h2 style="background-color: unset;" class="lt-bio-4630">The Fates of Pyruvic Acid</h2>

<p class="lt-bio-4630" style="background-color: unset;">In <strong>Yeasts,</strong> Pyruvic acid is decarboxylated and reduced by NADH to form a molecule of carbon dioxide and one of ethanol.</p>

<p class="lt-bio-4630" style="background-color: unset;">This accounts for the bubbles and alcohol in, for examples, beer and champagne via a process called alcoholic fermentation. The process is energetically wasteful because so much of the free energy of glucose (some 95%) remains in the alcohol (a good fuel).</p>

<p class="lt-bio-4630" style="background-color: unset;">In Red Blood Cells and active <strong>Muscles, </strong>Pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH forming a molecule of <strong>lactic acid</strong>.</p>

<p class="lt-bio-4630" style="background-color: unset;">The process is called <strong>lactic acid fermentation</strong>. The process is energetically wasteful because so much free energy remains in the lactic acid molecule. (It can also be debilitating because of the drop in pH as the lactic acid produced in overworked muscles is transported out into the blood.)</p>

<p class="lt-bio-4630" style="background-color: unset;">In Mitochondria, Pyruvic acid is oxidized completely to form carbon dioxide and water via a process called <strong>cellular respiration</strong>. Approximately 40% of the energy in the original glucose molecule is trapped in molecules of <strong>ATP</strong>.</p>

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<hr class="autoattribution-divider" /><div class="autoattribution"><p>This page titled <a target="_blank" class="internal mt-self-link" href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/biology/04:_Cell_Metabolism/4.04:_Glycolysis">4.4: Glycolysis</a> is shared under a <a rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" target="_blank">CC BY  3.0</a>  license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.biology-pages.info/">John W. Kimball</a> via <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.biology-pages.info/" target="_blank">source content</a> that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.</p></div>

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