4.02:_ATP

<p class="lt-bio-4628">ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide that performs many essential roles in the cell.</p>

<ul>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">It is the major <strong>energy currency</strong> of the cell, providing the energy for most of the energy-consuming activities of the cell.</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">It is one of the monomers used in the synthesis of <strong>RNA</strong> and, after conversion to deoxyATP (dATP), <strong>DNA</strong>.</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">It regulates many biochemical pathways.</li>
</ul>

<span id="Energy"></span><span id="Energy"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-4628">Energy</h2>

<p class="lt-bio-4628">When the third phosphate group of ATP is removed by hydrolysis, a substantial amount of free energy is released. The exact amount depends on the conditions, but we shall use a value of 7.3 kcal per mole.</p>

<p class="lt-bio-4628">where <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="97" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.966ex" height="1.62ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 2195 716" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0px;"><defs><path id="MJX-98-NCM-N-41" d="M583 3L717 0L717 39L695 39C670 39 653 40 646 42C631 47 621 58 615 75L401 694C397 707 390 716 375 716C362 716 353 709 348 694L143 102C129 61 92 39 32 38L32 0L137 3L254 0L254 39C205 39 180 54 180 85C180 92 181 96 182 98L227 225L465 225L516 77C518 71 519 67 519 64C519 47 492 39 437 39L437 0C479 3 528 4 583 3M345 569L451 264L240 264Z"></path><path id="MJX-98-NCM-N-44" d="M401 0C490 0 563 34 622 103C679 168 707 246 707 336C707 428 679 508 624 575C565 647 490 683 401 683L35 683L35 644L63 644C98 644 119 641 126 636C133 631 137 620 137 602L137 81C137 63 133 51 126 46C119 41 98 39 63 39L35 39L35 0M374 39L274 39C235 39 230 38 230 74L230 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data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true">ADP</mi></mrow></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> is adenosine diphosphate and <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="98" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="2.173ex" height="1.959ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -716 960.6 866" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-99-NCM-N-50" d="M395 312C452 312 503 328 548 360C599 396 624 441 624 495C624 552 598 599 546 635C500 667 447 683 387 683L35 683L35 644L63 644C98 644 119 641 126 636C133 631 137 620 137 602L137 81C137 63 133 51 126 46C119 41 98 39 63 39L35 39L35 0C61 2 111 3 184 3C258 3 308 2 334 0L334 39L306 39C271 39 250 41 243 46C236 51 232 63 232 81L232 312M274 644L362 644C391 644 416 640 437 633C494 612 514 570 514 495C514 467 511 443 504 423C487 373 433 346 362 346L229 346L229 609C229 645 235 644 274 644Z"></path><path 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data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="P" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-id="0" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\mathrm{P};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="50" href="#MJX-99-NCM-N-50"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" data-latex="{\vphantom{A}}_{\smash[t]{\mathrm{i}}}" transform="translate(681,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{\vphantom{A}}"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="\vphantom{A}"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mphantom"></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(33,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{\smash[t]{\mathrm{i}}}"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="\smash[t]{\mathrm{i}}"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="\mathrm{i}"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="i" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:2" data-semantic-id="2" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{\smash[t]{\mathrm{i}}};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true"><use data-c="69" href="#MJX-99-NCM-N-69"></use></g></g></g></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math data-latex="\ce{P_i}" data-semantic-structure="(3 0 2)"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{\mathrm{P}{\vphantom{A}}_{\smash[t]{\mathrm{i}}}}" data-semantic-type="subscript" data-semantic-role="identifier" data-semantic-annotation="collapsed:identifier;depth:1" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,2" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\ce{P_i};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-owns="0 2" data-semantic-level-number="0" data-speech-node="true"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="\mathrm{P}"><mi mathvariant="normal" data-latex="P" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:\mathrm{P};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">P</mi></mrow><msub data-latex="{\vphantom{A}}_{\smash[t]{\mathrm{i}}}"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{\vphantom{A}}"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="\vphantom{A}"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi data-latex="A">A</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{\smash[t]{\mathrm{i}}}"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="\smash[t]{\mathrm{i}}"><mpadded height="0"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="\mathrm{i}"><mi mathvariant="normal" data-latex="i" data-semantic-type="identifier" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{\smash[t]{\mathrm{i}}};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">i</mi></mrow></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> is inorganic phosphate.</p>

<figure><img class="internal" alt="Diagram of the molecular structure of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), showing its components: adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups." loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/6288/ATP.gif?revision=1" /><figcaption>Figure  <mjx-container class="MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0" jax="SVG" overflow="linebreak" tabindex="0" ctxtmenu_counter="99" style="font-size: 85%; position: relative;"><svg width="4.652ex" height="1.532ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewbox="0 -677 2056 677" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0px;"><defs><path id="MJX-100-NCM-N-34" d="M353 677C344 677 336 672 330 663L28 199L28 163L289 163L289 81C289 63 285 51 278 46C271 41 252 39 219 39L194 39L194 0C223 2 269 3 331 3C393 3 439 2 468 0L468 39L443 39C410 39 391 41 384 46C377 51 373 63 373 81L373 163L471 163L471 202L373 202L373 660C373 670 366 677 353 677M295 553L295 202L67 202Z"></path><path id="MJX-100-NCM-N-2E" d="M192 53C192 82 168 106 139 106C110 106 86 82 86 53C86 24 110 0 139 0C168 0 192 24 192 53Z"></path><path id="MJX-100-NCM-N-32" d="M237 666C186 666 143 648 106 612C69 576 50 534 50 483C50 449 75 424 106 424C136 424 161 450 161 480C161 513 137 536 105 536C102 536 100 536 98 535C117 584 161 627 224 627C306 627 352 556 352 470C352 403 318 331 250 255L62 43C49 28 50 29 50 0L421 0L450 180L417 180C409 129 402 100 396 91C391 86 361 84 306 84L139 84L236 179C304 243 390 312 419 365C439 400 449 435 449 470C449 588 357 666 237 666Z"></path><path id="MJX-100-NCM-N-31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 572 217 588L217 82C217 64 213 52 204 47C195 42 170 39 130 39L95 39L95 0C120 2 174 3 257 3C340 3 394 2 419 0L419 39L384 39C343 39 318 42 310 47C302 52 297 64 297 82L297 636C297 660 295 666 269 666Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\PageIndex{1}" data-semantic-structure="(5 0 1 2 3 4)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" 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data-semantic-attributes="latex:2" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">2</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD" data-latex="{.}"><mo data-latex="." data-semantic-type="punctuation" data-semantic-role="fullstop" data-semantic-annotation="nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:{.};texclass:ORD" data-semantic-operator="punctuated" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">.</mo></mrow><mn data-latex="1" data-semantic-type="number" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;nemeth:number;depth:2" data-semantic-="" data-semantic-parent="5" data-semantic-attributes="latex:1" data-semantic-level-number="1" data-speech-node="true">1</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>:<em> ATP</em></figcaption></figure>

<p class="lt-bio-4628">Because of the substantial amount of energy that is liberated when it is broken, the bond between the second and third phosphates is commonly described as a &quot;high-energy&quot; bond and is depicted in the figure by a wavy red line. (The bond between the first and second phosphates is also &quot;high-energy&quot;.) (But please note that the term is <strong>not</strong> being used in the same sense as the term &quot;bond energy&quot;. In fact, these bonds are actually weak bonds with low bond energies.)</p>

<p class="lt-bio-4628">Cells contain a wide variety of enzymes &mdash; called <strong>ATPases</strong> &mdash; that catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP and couple the energy released to particular energy-consuming reactions in the cell (see examples below).</p>

<span id="Synthesis_of_ATP"></span><span id="Synthesis_of_ATP"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-4628">Synthesis of ATP</h2>

<ul>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628"><strong>ADP + P</strong><sub><font size="2"><strong>i</strong></font></sub><strong> &rarr; ATP + H</strong><sub><font size="2"><strong>2</strong></font></sub><strong>O</strong></li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">requires energy: 7.3 kcal/mole</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">occurs in the cytosol by <strong>glycolysis</strong></li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">occurs in mitochondria by <strong>cellular respiration</strong></li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">occurs in chloroplasts by <strong>photosynthesis</strong></li>
</ul>

<span id="Consumption_of_ATP"></span><span id="Consumption_of_ATP"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-4628">Consumption of ATP</h2>

<p class="lt-bio-4628">ATP powers most of the energy-consuming activities of cells, such as:</p>

<ul>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">Most <strong>anabolic reactions </strong>such as

<ul>
        <li class="lt-bio-4628">joining transfer RNAs to amino acids for assembly into proteins</li>
        <li class="lt-bio-4628">synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates for assembly into DNA and RNA</li>
        <li class="lt-bio-4628">synthesis of polysaccharides</li>
        <li class="lt-bio-4628">synthesis of fats</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628"><strong>active transport</strong> of molecules and ions</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">nerve impulses</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">maintenance of cell volume by osmosis</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">adding phosphate groups (<strong>phosphorylation</strong>) to many different proteins, e.g., to alter their activity in cell signaling</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">muscle contraction</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">beating of cilia and flagella (including sperm)</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">bioluminescence</li>
</ul>

<span id="Extracellular_ATP"></span><span id="Extracellular_ATP"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-4628">Extracellular ATP</h2>

<p class="lt-bio-4628">In mammals, ATP also functions outside of cells. Its release</p>

<ul>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">from damaged cells can elicit inflammation and pain</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">from the carotid body signals a shortage of oxygen in the blood</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">from taste receptor cells triggers action potentials in the sensory nerves leading back to the brain</li>
    <li class="lt-bio-4628">from the stretched wall of the urinary bladder signals when the bladder needs emptying</li>
</ul>

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<hr class="autoattribution-divider" /><div class="autoattribution"><p>This page titled <a target="_blank" class="internal mt-self-link" href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/biology/04:_Cell_Metabolism/4.02:_ATP">4.2: ATP</a> is shared under a <a rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" target="_blank">CC BY  3.0</a>  license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.biology-pages.info/">John W. Kimball</a> via <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.biology-pages.info/" target="_blank">source content</a> that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.</p></div>

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