2.14:_Proteomics

view live ↗

<span id="Genome"></span><h2 style="background-color: unset;" class="lt-bio-3792">Genome</h2> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">One complete set of genes in an organism (a haploid set).</p> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">Except for occasional <u>unrepaired</u> damage to its DNA (= mutations), the genome is fixed.</p> <span id="Transcriptome"></span><h2 style="background-color: unset;" class="lt-bio-3792">Transcriptome</h2> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">The most common definition: All the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules transcribed from the genome.</p> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">Varies with the differentiated state of the cell and the activity of the transcription factors that turn gene transcription on (and off).</p> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">Speaking strictly, one would define the transcriptome as <strong>all</strong> the RNA molecules &mdash; which includes a wide variety of untranslated, nonprotein-encoding RNA &mdash; transcribed from the DNA of the genome. It is now thought that ~75% of our DNA is transcribed into RNA although only 1.5% of this is messenger RNA for protein synthesis.</p> <span id="Metabolome"></span><h2 style="background-color: unset;" class="lt-bio-3792">Metabolome</h2> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">All the metabolic machinery, e.g.,</p> <ul> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">enzymes</li> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">coenzymes</li> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">small metabolites, like <ul> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">the intermediates in glycolysis and cellular respiration</li> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">nucleotides</li> </ul> </li>
</ul> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">present in a cell at a given time.</p> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">Varies with the differentiated state of the cell and its current activities.</p> <span id="Proteome"></span><h2 style="background-color: unset;" class="lt-bio-3792">Proteome</h2> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">The proteome is the <strong><span style="color: red;">prote</span></strong>in complement of the gen<strong><span style="color: red;">ome</span></strong>. It is quite a bit more complicated than the genome because a <strong>single gene</strong> can give rise to a number of different proteins through</p> <ul> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">alternative splicing of the pre-messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs)</li> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">RNA editing of the pre-messenger RNAs</li> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">attachment of carbohydrate residues to form glycoproteins</li> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">addition of phosphate groups to some of the amino acids in the protein</li>
</ul> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">While we humans probably have only some 21 thousand genes, we probably make at least 10 times that number of different proteins. The great majority of our genes produce pre-mRNAs that are alternatively-spliced.</p> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">The study of proteomics is important because proteins are responsible for both the structure and the functions of all living things. Genes are simply the instructions for making proteins. It is proteins that make life.</p> <p class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">The set of proteins within a cell varies</p> <ul> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">from one differentiated cell type to another (e.g. red blood cell vs lymphocyte) and</li> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">from moment to moment, depending on the activities of the cell, e.g., <ul> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">getting ready to duplicate its genome;</li> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">repairing damage to its DNA;</li> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">responding to a newly-available nutrient or cytokine;</li> <li class="lt-bio-3792" style="background-color: unset;">responding to the arrival of a hormone</li> </ul> </li>
</ul>

function loadMathJaxScript() {
    try {
    	const script = document.createElement('script');
      script.id = "mathjax-script";
    	script.src = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@4/tex-mml-svg.js";
    	script.type = "text/javascript";
      script.defer = true;

document.head.appendChild(script);
    } catch (err) {
        console.error(err);
    }
}

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', (e) => {
	loadMathJaxScript();
});

if (window.PageName !== 'Realtime MathJax'){
MathJax = {
  options: {
    ignoreHtmlClass: "tex2jax_ignore",
    processHtmlClass: "tex2jax_process",
    menuOptions: {
      settings: {
        zscale: "150%",
        zoom: "Double-Click",

assistiveMml: true, // true to enable assitive MathML
        collapsible: false, // true to enable collapsible math
      },
    },
  },
  output: {
    scale: 0.85,
    mtextInheritFont: false,
    displayOverflow: "linebreak",
    linebreaks: {
      width: "100%",
    },
  },
  startup: {
    pageReady: () => {
      if (window.activateBeeLine) {
        window.activateBeeLine();
      }
      return MathJax.startup.defaultPageReady();
    },
  },
  chtml: {
    matchFontHeight: true,
  },
  tex: {
    tags: "all",
    tagformat: {
      number: (n) => {
        if (window.InitialOffset) {
          const offset = Number(window.InitialOffset);
         	if(!offset) {
          	return front + n; // If offset is falsy (nan, undefined, etc.)
          }
          const added = Number(n) + offset;
          return front + added;
        } else {
          return front + n;
       	}
      },
    },
    macros: {
      eatSpaces: ['#1', 2, ['', ' ', '\\endSpaces']],
      PageIndex: ['{' + front.replace(/\./g, '{.}') + '\\eatSpaces#1 \\endSpaces}', 1],
      test: ["{" + front + "#1}", 1],
      mhchemrightleftharpoons: "{\\unicode{x21CC}\\,}",
      xrightleftharpoons: ['\\mhchemxrightleftharpoons[#1]{#2}', 2, '']
    },
    packages: {
      "[+]": [
        "mhchem",
        "color",
        "cancel",
        "ams",
        "tagformat"
      ],
    },
  },
  loader: {
    '[tex]/mhchem': {
      ready() {
        const {MapHandler} = MathJax._.input.tex.MapHandler;
        const mhchem = MapHandler.getMap('mhchem-chars');
        mhchem.lookup('mhchemrightarrow')._char = '\uE42D';
        mhchem.lookup('mhchemleftarrow')._char = '\uE42C';
      }
    },
    load: [
      "[tex]/mhchem",
      "[tex]/color",
      "[tex]/cancel",
      "[tex]/tagformat",
    ],
  },
};
};
///*]]>*/</script>

<hr class="autoattribution-divider" /><div class="autoattribution"><p>This page titled <a target="_blank" class="internal mt-self-link" href="/Sandboxes/johnnyphung/biology/02:_The_Molecules_of_Life/2.14:_Proteomics">2.14: Proteomics</a> is shared under a <a rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" target="_blank">CC BY  3.0</a>  license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.biology-pages.info/">John W. Kimball</a> via <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.biology-pages.info/" target="_blank">source content</a> that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.</p></div>

Reset